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the current concept is that

Толкование Перевод

1 the current concept is that

Математика: согласно современным взглядам, согласно современным взглядам (According to the new mode of concepts, the plasticity is described by (...))

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > the current concept is that
2 let-through current
проходящий ток
—
[Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]

Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
EN
- let-through current
- passing current
сквозной ток короткого замыкания
Ток короткого замыкания, проходящий через выключатель и не отключаемый выключателем.
[ ГОСТ Р 52565-2006]

сквозной ток короткого замыкания
Ток, проходящий через включенный коммутационный электрический аппарат при внешнем коротком замыкании.
[РД 153-34.0-20.527-98]

сквозной ток короткого замыкания коммутационного электрического аппарата
сквозной ток короткого замыкания
Ток, проходящий через включенный коммутационный электрический аппарат при внешнем коротком замыкании
[ ГОСТ 26522-85]

сквозной ток КЗ
—
[Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]

Тематики
- выключатель автоматический
- выключатель, переключатель
- высоковольтный аппарат, оборудование...
Синонимы
- сквозной ток КЗ
- сквозной ток короткого замыкания коммутационного электрического аппарата
EN
- let-through current
ток отсечки
Максимальное мгновенное значение тока, достигаемое в процессе отключения тока коммутационным аппаратом или плавким предохранителем.
МЭК 60050 (441-17-12).
Примечание. Понятие особенно важно, когда коммутационный аппарат или плавкий предохранитель срабатывает так, что ожидаемый пиковый ток цепи не достигается.
[ ГОСТ Р 50030. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60947-1-99)]

EN

cut-off current
let-through current
the maximum instantaneous value of current attained during the breaking operation of a switching device or a fuse
NOTE – This concept of particular importance when the switching device or the fuse operates in such a manner that the prospective peak current of the circuit is not reached.
[IEV number 441-17-12]

FR

courant coupé limité
valeur instantanée maximale du courant atteinte au cours de la coupure effectuée par un appareil de connexion ou un fusible
NOTE – Cette notion est d'importance particulière si l'appareil de connexion ou le fusible fonctionne de telle manière que la valeur de crête du courant présumé du circuit n'est pas atteinte.
[IEV number 441-17-12]

Примечание
Более подробно о токе отсечки см. " защитная характеристика автоматического выключателя"

Тематики
- выключатель автоматический
- выключатель, переключатель
- предохранитель
EN
DE
- Durchlaßstrom
FR
- courant coupé limité
3.5.14 ток отсечки (cut-off current; let-through current): Максимальное мгновенное значение тока, достигаемое в процессе отключения тока коммутационным устройством или плавким предохранителем.

[МЭК 60050(441-17-12)]

Примечание - Это понятие особенно важно, когда коммутационное устройство или плавкий предохранитель срабатывают так, что ожидаемый пиковый ток цепи не достигается.

Источник: ГОСТ Р 51731-2010: Контакторы электромеханические бытового и аналогичного назначения оригинал документа
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > let-through current
3 cut-off current
1. ток отсечки
2. пропускаемый ток
ток отсечки
Максимальное мгновенное значение тока, достигаемое в процессе отключения тока коммутационным аппаратом или плавким предохранителем.
МЭК 60050 (441-17-12).
Примечание. Понятие особенно важно, когда коммутационный аппарат или плавкий предохранитель срабатывает так, что ожидаемый пиковый ток цепи не достигается.
[ ГОСТ Р 50030. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60947-1-99)]

EN

cut-off current
let-through current
the maximum instantaneous value of current attained during the breaking operation of a switching device or a fuse
NOTE – This concept of particular importance when the switching device or the fuse operates in such a manner that the prospective peak current of the circuit is not reached.
[IEV number 441-17-12]

FR

courant coupé limité
valeur instantanée maximale du courant atteinte au cours de la coupure effectuée par un appareil de connexion ou un fusible
NOTE – Cette notion est d'importance particulière si l'appareil de connexion ou le fusible fonctionne de telle manière que la valeur de crête du courant présumé du circuit n'est pas atteinte.
[IEV number 441-17-12]

Примечание
Более подробно о токе отсечки см. " защитная характеристика автоматического выключателя"

Тематики
- выключатель автоматический
- выключатель, переключатель
- предохранитель
EN
DE
- Durchlaßstrom
FR
- courant coupé limité
2.3.6 пропускаемый ток (cut-off current): Максимальное мгновенное значение, достигаемое током в процессе отключения, когда плавкая вставка своим срабатыванием предотвращает достижение током максимально возможного в других условиях значения.

Источник: ГОСТ Р МЭК 60269-1-2010: Предохранители низковольтные плавкие. Часть 1. Общие требования оригинал документа

3.5.14 ток отсечки (cut-off current; let-through current): Максимальное мгновенное значение тока, достигаемое в процессе отключения тока коммутационным устройством или плавким предохранителем.

[МЭК 60050(441-17-12)]

Примечание - Это понятие особенно важно, когда коммутационное устройство или плавкий предохранитель срабатывают так, что ожидаемый пиковый ток цепи не достигается.

Источник: ГОСТ Р 51731-2010: Контакторы электромеханические бытового и аналогичного назначения оригинал документа
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > cut-off current
4 согласно современным взглядам

Mathematics: according to current concepts, according to present view, in the modern view, in the present view, the current concept is that, the current concept is that (According to the new mode of concepts, the plasticity is described by (...))

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > согласно современным взглядам
5 согласно современным взглядам

•
In the modern (or present) view, this theory is obsolete.

•
According to present views...

•
According to current concepts, the sequence of amino acids...

•
The current concept is that most of the dikes are injected along a narrow zone.

Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > согласно современным взглядам
6 mantener

v.

1 to keep.

mantener algo en buen estado to keep something in good condition

mantener una promesa to keep a promise

mantener la calma to stay calm

Los mantengo trabajando I keep them working.

Ellos mantienen el proyecto They maintain the project.

2 to support (with scaffold, columns).

mantén los brazos en alto keep your arms in the air

3 to support.

con su sueldo mantiene a toda la familia he has to support o keep his whole family with his wages

4 to have (relationships, conversations).

mantener relaciones con alguien to have a relationship with somebody

5 to stick to (to defend) (conviction).

mantiene su inocencia she maintains that she is innocent

mantiene que no la vió he maintains that he didn't see her

6 to maintain, to keep, to conserve, to hold.

Ellos mantienen unas mantas They maintain some bedcovers.

Mantiene sus mismas creencias de antes He keeps his old views.

Ellos mantienen su opinión They maintain their opinion.

María mantiene a su hijo Mary maintains=provides for her son.

Ella mantiene su declaración She maintains her declaration.

7 to claim to, to hold to, to maintain to.

Ellos mantienen haber limpiado They claim to have cleaned.

* * *

mantener

Conjugation model [ TENER], like link=tener tener

► verbo transitivo

1 (conservar) to keep

■ la policía mantiene el orden público the police keep law and order

■ la nevera mantiene los alimentos en buenas condiciones the fridge keeps food fresh

■ 'Mantenga Zamora limpia' "Keep Zamora tidy"

2 (tener) to keep

■ 'Mantener en posición vertical' "Keep vertical"

■ 'Mantener fuera del alcance de los niños' "Keep out of the reach of children"

3 (sostener) to support, hold up, hold

■ estos pilares mantienen el techo these pillars support the roof

■ no sé como se mantiene en pie con lo que ha bebido I don't know how he can stand up after having drunk so much

4 (sustentar) to support, maintain

■ ella sola mantiene a toda la familia she supports the whole family by herself

5 (afirmación etc) to maintain

■ pues yo mantengo que no es verdad well, I maintain that it is not true

6 (conversación, relaciones) to have; (reunión) to hold, have; (correspondencia) to keep up; (promesa, palabra) to keep

■ afirma que no mantuvieron relaciones sexuales he states that they did not have sexual intercourse

■ mantuvieron una larga correspondencia they kept up a lengthy correspondence

■ mantuvimos una reunión en su despacho we held a meeting in her office

► verbo pronominal mantenerse

1 (sostenerse) to remain, stand

2 (continuar en un estado, una posición) to keep

■ se mantuvo a distancia she kept her distance

■ se mantiene firme en sus creencias he remains firm in his beliefs

3 (sustenerse) to manage, maintain oneself, support oneself

4 (alimentarse) to eat, live

■ se mantiene a base de fruta she lives on fruit, she eats only fruit

■ no nos mantenemos del aire we can't live on air

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

mantener algo en secreto to keep something secret

mantenerse aparte to stay out of it, not get involved

mantenerse en contacto con to stay in contact with

mantenerse en forma to keep in shape, keep in trim, keep fit

mantenerse en pie to stand, remain standing

mantenerse en sus trece to stick to one's guns

mantenerse vivo,-a to stay alive

* * *

verb

1) to keep

2) maintain

3) hold

4) support

5) sustain

* * *

1. VT

1) (=sostener) [gen] to hold; [+ puente, techo] to support

mantén la caja un momento — hold the box a minute

los pilares que mantienen el puente — the pillars which support the bridge

2) (=preservar)

a) [en un lugar] to store, keep

una vez abierto manténgase refrigerado — once opened keep in a refrigerator

"manténgase en un lugar fresco y seco" — "store in a cool dry place"

b) [en un estado o situación] to keep

la ilusión es lo único que lo mantiene vivo — hope is the only thing that keeps him alive o going

hay que mantener actualizada la base de datos — we have to keep the database up to date

para mantener el motor en buen estado — to keep the engine in good condition

mantenga limpia su ciudad — keep your city clean

manténgase fuera del alcance de los niños — keep out of the reach of children

• mantener algo caliente — to keep sth hot

• mantener algo en equilibrio — to balance sth, keep sth balanced

• mantener algo en secreto — to keep sth a secret

mantuvo en secreto que tenía dos hijos — she kept her two children a secret
raya I, 1)
3) (=conservar) [+ opinión] to maintain, hold; [+ costumbre, ideales] to keep up, maintain; [+ disciplina] to maintain, keep; [+ promesa] to keep

un alto porcentaje mantenía su opinión sobre la crisis — a high percentage maintained o held their opinion about the crisis

me marcho manteniendo mi opinión — I'm leaving, but I stand by my opinion

una civilización que lucha por mantener sus tradiciones — a civilization struggling to uphold o maintain its traditions

eran partidarios de mantener el antiguo orden social — they were in favour of preserving the old social order

mantener el orden público — to keep the peace

• al conducir hay que mantener la distancia de seguridad — you have to keep (at) a safe distance when driving

• mantener el equilibrio — to keep one's balance

le cuesta mantener el equilibrio — he finds it difficult to keep his balance

hemos conseguido mantener el equilibrio entre ingresos y gastos — we have managed to maintain a balance between income and expenditure

• mantener el fuego — to keep the fire going

• mantener la línea — to keep one's figure, keep in shape

• mantener la paz — to keep the peace, maintain peace

- mantenella y no emendalla
calma, distancia
4) [económicamente] to support, maintain

ahora tiene una familia que mantener — now he has a family to support o maintain

ya no pienso mantenerla más — I refuse to keep o support o maintain her any longer

5) [+ conversación, contacto] to maintain, hold

es incapaz de mantener una conversación coherente — he is incapable of maintaining o holding a coherent conversation

en las conversaciones que hemos mantenido con el presidente — in the talks we have held with the president

¿han mantenido ustedes relaciones sexuales? — have you had sexual relations?
correspondencia 2)
6) (=afirmar) to maintain

siempre he mantenido lo contrario — I've always maintained the opposite

2.

See:

mantenerse

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1) ( económicamente) <familia/persona> to support, maintain; < perro> to keep; < amante> to keep

2)

a) (conservar, preservar) to keep

mantener la calma/la compostura — to keep calm/one's composure

para mantener su peso actual — to maintain his present weight

mantener las viejas tradiciones — to keep up the old traditions

el euro ha mantenido su valor — the euro has held its value

b) (cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep

mantener el equilibrio — to keep one's balance

mantener algo en equilibrio — to balance sth

mantenga limpia su ciudad — keep Norwich (o York etc) tidy

3)

a) < conversaciones> to have; < contactos> to maintain, keep up; < correspondencia> to keep up; < relaciones> to maintain

las negociaciones mantenidas en Ginebra — the negotiations held in Geneva

b) ( cumplir) <promesa/palabra> to keep

4) (afirmar, sostener) to maintain
2.
mantenerse verbo pronominal

1) ( sustentarse económicamente) to support oneself

2) (en cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep

se mantuvieron en primera división — they kept their place in the first division

la torre aún se mantiene en pie — the tower is still standing

mantenerse a distancia — to keep one's distance

mantenerse en contacto con algn — to keep in touch with sb

se mantuvo neutral en la disputa — he remained neutral in the dispute

3) ( alimentarse)

mantenerse a base de latas — to live off tinned food

se mantiene a base de vitaminas — he lives on vitamin pills

* * *

= hold together, keep, maintain, maintain, preserve, retain, store, support, sustain, uphold, hold, service, carry on, keep + Nombre + going, operate, hold on to.

Ex. The organization was trembling on the brink of financial disaster, and only the journal, American Documentation, was holding it together.

Ex. Guard book or scrapbook type arrangement, with possibly a loose-leaf format, is suitable for organising and keeping cuttings, letters and other small items.

Ex. Expressiveness can be difficult to maintain as new subjects are added.

Ex. They maintain, in an article written for Library Resources and Technical Services (LRTS) 'that automated cataloging systems have addressed only half of the problems of maintaining a library catalog'.

Ex. The concepts are organised into facets, and the facets are arranged and applied in such a way that the general to special order is preserved.

Ex. At an earlier stage, the Library of Congress had decided to retain certain pre-AACR headings, in order to avoid the expense of extensive recataloguing.

Ex. The records in a computer data base are structured in order to suit the information that is being stored for various applications.

Ex. In order to support these three elements, and to ensure that schemes are updated it is important to have some organisation which takes responsibility for revision and publication.

Ex. Publishers in the United Stated benefit from a larger home market which serves to sustain the production of an information tool.

Ex. It's about time that we go back to these principles and make sure that the quality of cataloging is upheld.

Ex. Some theorists hold that one stage must be completely worked through before the next stage can be entered.

Ex. Special storage facilities have been constructed which are at present serviced manually but will soon be computerised.

Ex. If a child detects that no very strong value is placed on reading then he feels no compulsion to develop his own reading skill beyond the minimal, functional level we all need simply to carry on our daily lives in our print-dominated society.

Ex. The author explains how libraries can keep their services going without being slaves to the job.

Ex. These references operate in a similar fashion whether they are used to link authors' names or subject headings.

Ex. The girls were swept away by the water as they failed to hold on to the bus stand.

----

* capacidad de mantener la atención = attention span.

* debate + mantenerse = debate + rage.

* de mantener una conversación = conversational.

* el que mantiene a la familia = breadwinner [bread winner].

* mantener a Alguien alerta = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.

* mantener a Alguien atento = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.

* mantener a Alguien en vilo = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.

* mantener a Alguien informado de = keep + Nombre + posted on.

* mantener activo = keep + Nombre + going.

* mantener a flote = keep + afloat.

* mantener a la par de = keep up with.

* mantener alejado = keep away, keep + Nombre + out.

* mantener Algo abierto = hold + Nombre + open.

* mantener Algo activo = keep + Nombre + at the fore.

* mantener Algo alejado = keep + Nombre + at arm's length.

* mantener Algo al mínimo = keep + Nombre + at a minimum.

* mantener Algo a salvo = keep + Nombre + out of harm's way.

* mantener Algo controlado = keep + Nombre + in check.

* mantener Algo en el buen camino = keep + Nombre + on track.

* mantener Algo en equilibrio = keep + Nombre + in balance.

* mantener Algo en la dirección correcta = keep + Nombre + on track.

* mantener Algo en orden = keep + Nombre + in order.

* mantener Algo fuera de peligro = keep + Nombre + out of harm's way.

* mantener Algo ordenado = keep + Nombre + tidy, keep + Nombre + in order.

* mantener Algo vivo = keep + the flame alive, keep + Nombre + at the fore.

* mantener al ralentí = idle.

* mantener a mano = keep to + hand.

* mantener aparte = keep + separate.

* mantener a raya = keep at + bay, hold off, keep + Nombre + in line, hold at + bay.

* mantener bajo control = keep + a rein on.

* mantener bajo vigilancia = keep under + observation.

* mantener constancia de = keep + record of.

* mantener contacto = maintain + contact.

* mantener control = hold + the reins of control.

* mantener cooperación = maintain + cooperation.

* mantener dentro = keep + Nombre + in.

* mantener el control = stay in + control.

* mantener el ímpetu = maintain + momentum.

* mantener el interés = hold + the interest.

* mantener el orden = keep + order, police.

* mantener el orden público = maintain + public order.

* mantener el ritmo = keep + pace.

* mantener el tipo = keep + a stiff upper lip.

* mantener en observación = hold under + observation, keep under + observation.

* mantener en privado = be out of the public eye.

* mantener en reserva = keep on + reserve, keep in + reserve.

* mantener en secreto = keep + secret, keep + hush hush, keep + confidential, keep + Nombre + under wraps.

* mantener en sintonía = keep in + step.

* mantener firme = keep + steady, hold in + line, hold + steady.

* mantener informado = keep + informed.

* mantener junto = keep together.

* mantener la atención de Alguien = hold + Posesivo + attention.

* mantener la boca cerrada = keep + Posesivo + mouth shut.

* mantener la bola rodando = keep + the ball rolling.

* mantener la cabeza = keep + Posesivo + head, keep + Posesivo + head together.

* mantener la cabeza alta = hold + Posesivo + head high.

* mantener la cabeza fría = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.

* mantener la calma = keep + Posesivo + head, keep + Posesivo + head together, keep + Pronombre + cool, remain + cool-headed, keep + a cool head, play it + cool.

* mantener la coherencia = maintain + consistency.

* mantener la compostura = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.

* mantener la condición (de) = retain + Posesivo + status (as).

* mantener la continuidad = maintain + continuity.

* mantener la delantera = keep + ahead.

* mantener la disciplina = maintain + discipline.

* mantener la palabra = keep + Posesivo + word, live up to + Posesivo + word.

* mantener la posición = hold + the line.

* mantener las apariencias = keep up + appearances.

* mantener las cosas en marcha = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.

* mantener las cosas en movimiento = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.

* mantener las cosas funcionando = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.

* mantener las cuentas = keep + Posesivo + accounts.

* mantener las distancias con = keep + Nombre + at arm's length.

* mantener la serenidad = keep + Pronombre + cool, keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.

* mantener la tradición = keep with + tradition.

* mantener la vida = sustain + life.

* mantener libre de = keep + free of.

* mantener los ojos bien abiertos = keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open, keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned.

* mantener los precios = hold + prices down.

* mantener oculto = keep + Nombre + under wraps.

* mantener ocupado = keep + busy.

* mantener ordenado = keep + Nombre + neat and tidy.

* mantener presente = keep before.

* mantener presionado = hold down.

* mantener registro de = keep + record of.

* mantener relaciones = maintain + contact, maintain + relationships, maintain + relations.

* mantener relaciones comerciales = do + business.

* mantenerse actualizado = keep up to + date (with).

* mantenerse actualizado de = keep + abreast of.

* mantenerse a distancia = stand off.

* mantenerse a flote = keep + Posesivo + head above the water, keep + the wolves from the door, stay + afloat, stay in + business.

* mantenerse aislado = keep to + Reflexivo.

* mantenerse a la cabeza = stay + ahead of the pack.

* mantenerse a la escucha = stay + tuned.

* mantenerse al corriente = keep + current.

* mantenerse al corriente de = keep + abreast of, stay + abreast of, keep + track of.

* mantenerse al día = keep up to + date (with), keep up with + the current scene, keep + current.

* mantenerse al día de = keep + abreast of, keep + pace with, keep up with, stay + abreast of, keep + a finger on the pulse of, stay in + step with, keep in + step with, keep + step with.

* mantenerse al día de las noticias = keep up with + the news.

* mantenerse al día de los avances = track + developments.

* mantenerse alejado = stay away, remain + aloof.

* mantenerse alejado de = stay away from, steer + clear of, give + Nombre + a wide berth, steer away from.

* mantenerse alejado de la mirada del público = shun + the public eye, keep out of + the public eye.

* mantenerse alejado de la mirada pública = shun + the public eye, keep out of + the public eye.

* mantenerse alejado de + Nombre = keep + Nombre + at a distance.

* mantenerse alerta = keep + alert, keep + an eye open, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.

* mantenerse al frente = keep + ahead.

* mantenerse al margen = keep to + Reflexivo, take + a back seat, stand by, remain on + the sidelines.

* mantenerse al margen de = remain + uninvolved in, hold + Reflexivo + apart from.

* mantenerse al margen de Algo = stay above + Algo.

* mantenerse al tanto = stay + tuned.

* mantenerse al tanto de = keep in + sync, keep + a finger on the pulse of, keep + track of, stay in + step with, keep in + step with, keep + step with.

* mantenerse al tanto de las cosas = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.

* mantenerse al tanto de las noticias = keep up with + the news.

* mantenerse al tanto de los avances = track + developments.

* mantenerse atento = keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.

* mantenerse atento a lo que ocurre alrededor = have + an ear to the ground, keep + Posesivo + ear to the ground.

* mantenerse bien = keep + well.

* mantenerse caliente = keep + warm.

* mantenerse callado = keep + quiet.

* mantenerse callado y pensativo con cierto resentimiento = brood.

* mantenerse como válido = hold up.

* mantener secreto = keep + secret.

* mantenerse despierto = keep + alert, stay + awake.

* mantenerse en buen estado físico = keep + fit.

* mantenerse en contacto = stay + tuned.

* mantenerse en contacto (con) = keep in + touch (with), stay in + touch (with).

* mantenerse en espera = stay + tuned.

* mantenerse en forma = keep + fit.

* mantenerse en línea con = keep in + line with.

* mantenerse en pie = hold + Posesivo + own.

* mantenerse en + Posesivo + trece = stick to + Posesivo + guns.

* mantenerse en sincronía = keep in + sync.

* mantenerse en su sitio = stand + Posesivo + ground.

* mantenerse en sus trece = stand + Posesivo + ground.

* mantenerse fiel a = stick with.

* mantenerse fiel a los principios de Uno = stick to + Posesivo + principles.

* mantenerse firme = stand + Posesivo + ground, stick to + Posesivo + guns.

* mantenerse impasible = keep + a stiff upper lip.

* mantenerse informado = keep up to + date (with), keep + current.

* mantenerse informado de = keep + abreast of.

* mantenerse lejos de = steer + clear of, give + Nombre + a wide berth, steer away from.

* mantenerse líder = stay + ahead of the pack.

* mantener(se) ocupado = keep + busy.

* mantener separado = keep apart.

* mantenerse por delante = keep + ahead.

* mantenerse por delante de la competencia = keep + one step ahead of the game, keep + one step ahead of the competition.

* mantenerse unidos = stick together.

* mantenerse vigente = hold + Posesivo + own.

* mantener silencio = keep + silent, keep + silence.

* mantener sincronizado = keep in + step.

* mantener suspenso en el aire = suspend.

* mantener todo controlado = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.

* mantener una actitud = hold + attitude.

* mantener una actitud abierta = be open-minded.

* mantener una apariencia de = maintain + a semblance of.

* mantener una conversación = hold + conversation.

* mantener una opinión = hold + view, hold + opinion.

* mantener una promesa = keep + Posesivo + promise.

* mantener una relación con = carry on + relationship with.

* mantener un concepto = hold + concept.

* mantener un control férreo sobre = hold + an iron grip on.

* mantener un debate = hold + discussion.

* mantener un equilibrio = balance, maintain + a balance, keep + a balance.

* mantener un estándar = uphold + standard.

* mantener un interés = pursue + interest.

* mantener un registro = keep + log.

* mantener un registro de = keep + track of, record.

* mantener un sistema de turnos = hold + a rota of.

* mantener vigente = keep + alive.

* mantener vivo = keep + alive, maintain + momentum, keep + Nombre + going.

* máquina que mantiene las constantes vitales = life-support system.

* para mantener(se) ocupado = keep-busy.

* voluntad de mantener Algo en secreto = secretiveness.

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1) ( económicamente) <familia/persona> to support, maintain; < perro> to keep; < amante> to keep

2)

a) (conservar, preservar) to keep

mantener la calma/la compostura — to keep calm/one's composure

para mantener su peso actual — to maintain his present weight

mantener las viejas tradiciones — to keep up the old traditions

el euro ha mantenido su valor — the euro has held its value

b) (cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep

mantener el equilibrio — to keep one's balance

mantener algo en equilibrio — to balance sth

mantenga limpia su ciudad — keep Norwich (o York etc) tidy

3)

a) < conversaciones> to have; < contactos> to maintain, keep up; < correspondencia> to keep up; < relaciones> to maintain

las negociaciones mantenidas en Ginebra — the negotiations held in Geneva

b) ( cumplir) <promesa/palabra> to keep

4) (afirmar, sostener) to maintain
2.
mantenerse verbo pronominal

1) ( sustentarse económicamente) to support oneself

2) (en cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep

se mantuvieron en primera división — they kept their place in the first division

la torre aún se mantiene en pie — the tower is still standing

mantenerse a distancia — to keep one's distance

mantenerse en contacto con algn — to keep in touch with sb

se mantuvo neutral en la disputa — he remained neutral in the dispute

3) ( alimentarse)

mantenerse a base de latas — to live off tinned food

se mantiene a base de vitaminas — he lives on vitamin pills

* * *

= hold together, keep, maintain, maintain, preserve, retain, store, support, sustain, uphold, hold, service, carry on, keep + Nombre + going, operate, hold on to.

Ex: The organization was trembling on the brink of financial disaster, and only the journal, American Documentation, was holding it together.

Ex: Guard book or scrapbook type arrangement, with possibly a loose-leaf format, is suitable for organising and keeping cuttings, letters and other small items.

Ex: Expressiveness can be difficult to maintain as new subjects are added.

Ex: They maintain, in an article written for Library Resources and Technical Services (LRTS) 'that automated cataloging systems have addressed only half of the problems of maintaining a library catalog'.

Ex: The concepts are organised into facets, and the facets are arranged and applied in such a way that the general to special order is preserved.

Ex: At an earlier stage, the Library of Congress had decided to retain certain pre-AACR headings, in order to avoid the expense of extensive recataloguing.

Ex: The records in a computer data base are structured in order to suit the information that is being stored for various applications.

Ex: In order to support these three elements, and to ensure that schemes are updated it is important to have some organisation which takes responsibility for revision and publication.

Ex: Publishers in the United Stated benefit from a larger home market which serves to sustain the production of an information tool.

Ex: It's about time that we go back to these principles and make sure that the quality of cataloging is upheld.

Ex: Some theorists hold that one stage must be completely worked through before the next stage can be entered.

Ex: Special storage facilities have been constructed which are at present serviced manually but will soon be computerised.

Ex: If a child detects that no very strong value is placed on reading then he feels no compulsion to develop his own reading skill beyond the minimal, functional level we all need simply to carry on our daily lives in our print-dominated society.

Ex: The author explains how libraries can keep their services going without being slaves to the job.

Ex: These references operate in a similar fashion whether they are used to link authors' names or subject headings.

Ex: The girls were swept away by the water as they failed to hold on to the bus stand.

* capacidad de mantener la atención = attention span.

* debate + mantenerse = debate + rage.

* de mantener una conversación = conversational.

* el que mantiene a la familia = breadwinner [bread winner].

* mantener a Alguien alerta = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.

* mantener a Alguien atento = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.

* mantener a Alguien en vilo = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.

* mantener a Alguien informado de = keep + Nombre + posted on.

* mantener activo = keep + Nombre + going.

* mantener a flote = keep + afloat.

* mantener a la par de = keep up with.

* mantener alejado = keep away, keep + Nombre + out.

* mantener Algo abierto = hold + Nombre + open.

* mantener Algo activo = keep + Nombre + at the fore.

* mantener Algo alejado = keep + Nombre + at arm's length.

* mantener Algo al mínimo = keep + Nombre + at a minimum.

* mantener Algo a salvo = keep + Nombre + out of harm's way.

* mantener Algo controlado = keep + Nombre + in check.

* mantener Algo en el buen camino = keep + Nombre + on track.

* mantener Algo en equilibrio = keep + Nombre + in balance.

* mantener Algo en la dirección correcta = keep + Nombre + on track.

* mantener Algo en orden = keep + Nombre + in order.

* mantener Algo fuera de peligro = keep + Nombre + out of harm's way.

* mantener Algo ordenado = keep + Nombre + tidy, keep + Nombre + in order.

* mantener Algo vivo = keep + the flame alive, keep + Nombre + at the fore.

* mantener al ralentí = idle.

* mantener a mano = keep to + hand.

* mantener aparte = keep + separate.

* mantener a raya = keep at + bay, hold off, keep + Nombre + in line, hold at + bay.

* mantener bajo control = keep + a rein on.

* mantener bajo vigilancia = keep under + observation.

* mantener constancia de = keep + record of.

* mantener contacto = maintain + contact.

* mantener control = hold + the reins of control.

* mantener cooperación = maintain + cooperation.

* mantener dentro = keep + Nombre + in.

* mantener el control = stay in + control.

* mantener el ímpetu = maintain + momentum.

* mantener el interés = hold + the interest.

* mantener el orden = keep + order, police.

* mantener el orden público = maintain + public order.

* mantener el ritmo = keep + pace.

* mantener el tipo = keep + a stiff upper lip.

* mantener en observación = hold under + observation, keep under + observation.

* mantener en privado = be out of the public eye.

* mantener en reserva = keep on + reserve, keep in + reserve.

* mantener en secreto = keep + secret, keep + hush hush, keep + confidential, keep + Nombre + under wraps.

* mantener en sintonía = keep in + step.

* mantener firme = keep + steady, hold in + line, hold + steady.

* mantener informado = keep + informed.

* mantener junto = keep together.

* mantener la atención de Alguien = hold + Posesivo + attention.

* mantener la boca cerrada = keep + Posesivo + mouth shut.

* mantener la bola rodando = keep + the ball rolling.

* mantener la cabeza = keep + Posesivo + head, keep + Posesivo + head together.

* mantener la cabeza alta = hold + Posesivo + head high.

* mantener la cabeza fría = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.

* mantener la calma = keep + Posesivo + head, keep + Posesivo + head together, keep + Pronombre + cool, remain + cool-headed, keep + a cool head, play it + cool.

* mantener la coherencia = maintain + consistency.

* mantener la compostura = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.

* mantener la condición (de) = retain + Posesivo + status (as).

* mantener la continuidad = maintain + continuity.

* mantener la delantera = keep + ahead.

* mantener la disciplina = maintain + discipline.

* mantener la palabra = keep + Posesivo + word, live up to + Posesivo + word.

* mantener la posición = hold + the line.

* mantener las apariencias = keep up + appearances.

* mantener las cosas en marcha = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.

* mantener las cosas en movimiento = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.

* mantener las cosas funcionando = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.

* mantener las cuentas = keep + Posesivo + accounts.

* mantener las distancias con = keep + Nombre + at arm's length.

* mantener la serenidad = keep + Pronombre + cool, keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.

* mantener la tradición = keep with + tradition.

* mantener la vida = sustain + life.

* mantener libre de = keep + free of.

* mantener los ojos bien abiertos = keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open, keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned.

* mantener los precios = hold + prices down.

* mantener oculto = keep + Nombre + under wraps.

* mantener ocupado = keep + busy.

* mantener ordenado = keep + Nombre + neat and tidy.

* mantener presente = keep before.

* mantener presionado = hold down.

* mantener registro de = keep + record of.

* mantener relaciones = maintain + contact, maintain + relationships, maintain + relations.

* mantener relaciones comerciales = do + business.

* mantenerse actualizado = keep up to + date (with).

* mantenerse actualizado de = keep + abreast of.

* mantenerse a distancia = stand off.

* mantenerse a flote = keep + Posesivo + head above the water, keep + the wolves from the door, stay + afloat, stay in + business.

* mantenerse aislado = keep to + Reflexivo.

* mantenerse a la cabeza = stay + ahead of the pack.

* mantenerse a la escucha = stay + tuned.

* mantenerse al corriente = keep + current.

* mantenerse al corriente de = keep + abreast of, stay + abreast of, keep + track of.

* mantenerse al día = keep up to + date (with), keep up with + the current scene, keep + current.

* mantenerse al día de = keep + abreast of, keep + pace with, keep up with, stay + abreast of, keep + a finger on the pulse of, stay in + step with, keep in + step with, keep + step with.

* mantenerse al día de las noticias = keep up with + the news.

* mantenerse al día de los avances = track + developments.

* mantenerse alejado = stay away, remain + aloof.

* mantenerse alejado de = stay away from, steer + clear of, give + Nombre + a wide berth, steer away from.

* mantenerse alejado de la mirada del público = shun + the public eye, keep out of + the public eye.

* mantenerse alejado de la mirada pública = shun + the public eye, keep out of + the public eye.

* mantenerse alejado de + Nombre = keep + Nombre + at a distance.

* mantenerse alerta = keep + alert, keep + an eye open, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.

* mantenerse al frente = keep + ahead.

* mantenerse al margen = keep to + Reflexivo, take + a back seat, stand by, remain on + the sidelines.

* mantenerse al margen de = remain + uninvolved in, hold + Reflexivo + apart from.

* mantenerse al margen de Algo = stay above + Algo.

* mantenerse al tanto = stay + tuned.

* mantenerse al tanto de = keep in + sync, keep + a finger on the pulse of, keep + track of, stay in + step with, keep in + step with, keep + step with.

* mantenerse al tanto de las cosas = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.

* mantenerse al tanto de las noticias = keep up with + the news.

* mantenerse al tanto de los avances = track + developments.

* mantenerse atento = keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.

* mantenerse atento a lo que ocurre alrededor = have + an ear to the ground, keep + Posesivo + ear to the ground.

* mantenerse bien = keep + well.

* mantenerse caliente = keep + warm.

* mantenerse callado = keep + quiet.

* mantenerse callado y pensativo con cierto resentimiento = brood.

* mantenerse como válido = hold up.

* mantener secreto = keep + secret.

* mantenerse despierto = keep + alert, stay + awake.

* mantenerse en buen estado físico = keep + fit.

* mantenerse en contacto = stay + tuned.

* mantenerse en contacto (con) = keep in + touch (with), stay in + touch (with).

* mantenerse en espera = stay + tuned.

* mantenerse en forma = keep + fit.

* mantenerse en línea con = keep in + line with.

* mantenerse en pie = hold + Posesivo + own.

* mantenerse en + Posesivo + trece = stick to + Posesivo + guns.

* mantenerse en sincronía = keep in + sync.

* mantenerse en su sitio = stand + Posesivo + ground.

* mantenerse en sus trece = stand + Posesivo + ground.

* mantenerse fiel a = stick with.

* mantenerse fiel a los principios de Uno = stick to + Posesivo + principles.

* mantenerse firme = stand + Posesivo + ground, stick to + Posesivo + guns.

* mantenerse impasible = keep + a stiff upper lip.

* mantenerse informado = keep up to + date (with), keep + current.

* mantenerse informado de = keep + abreast of.

* mantenerse lejos de = steer + clear of, give + Nombre + a wide berth, steer away from.

* mantenerse líder = stay + ahead of the pack.

* mantener(se) ocupado = keep + busy.

* mantener separado = keep apart.

* mantenerse por delante = keep + ahead.

* mantenerse por delante de la competencia = keep + one step ahead of the game, keep + one step ahead of the competition.

* mantenerse unidos = stick together.

* mantenerse vigente = hold + Posesivo + own.

* mantener silencio = keep + silent, keep + silence.

* mantener sincronizado = keep in + step.

* mantener suspenso en el aire = suspend.

* mantener todo controlado = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.

* mantener una actitud = hold + attitude.

* mantener una actitud abierta = be open-minded.

* mantener una apariencia de = maintain + a semblance of.

* mantener una conversación = hold + conversation.

* mantener una opinión = hold + view, hold + opinion.

* mantener una promesa = keep + Posesivo + promise.

* mantener una relación con = carry on + relationship with.

* mantener un concepto = hold + concept.

* mantener un control férreo sobre = hold + an iron grip on.

* mantener un debate = hold + discussion.

* mantener un equilibrio = balance, maintain + a balance, keep + a balance.

* mantener un estándar = uphold + standard.

* mantener un interés = pursue + interest.

* mantener un registro = keep + log.

* mantener un registro de = keep + track of, record.

* mantener un sistema de turnos = hold + a rota of.

* mantener vigente = keep + alive.

* mantener vivo = keep + alive, maintain + momentum, keep + Nombre + going.

* máquina que mantiene las constantes vitales = life-support system.

* para mantener(se) ocupado = keep-busy.

* voluntad de mantener Algo en secreto = secretiveness.

* * *

mantener [ E27 ]

vt

A (sustentar económicamente) ‹familia/persona› to support, maintain

cuesta una fortuna mantener a ese perro tan grande it costs a fortune to keep that enormous dog

¡y pretende que ella lo mantenga! and he expects her to support o keep him!

B

1 (conservar, preservar) to keep

mantener la calma/la compostura to keep calm/one's composure

mantener el orden to keep o ( frml) maintain order

para mantener la paz in order to keep the peace

mantener su peso actual to maintain his present weight

mantener las viejas tradiciones to keep up the old traditions

2 (en cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep

los postes mantienen la viga en posición the posts keep the beam in position

mantener el equilibrio to keep one's balance

lo mantiene en equilibrio sobre la punta de la nariz he balances it on the end of his nose

los militares lo mantuvieron en el poder the military kept him in power

todos los medicamentos deben mantenerse fuera del alcance de los niños all medicines should be kept out of reach of children

[ S ] mantenga limpia su ciudad keep Norwich ( o York etc) tidy

[ S ] una vez abierto manténgase refrigerado keep refrigerated once open

no mantiene su coche en buenas condiciones he doesn't keep his car in good condition, he doesn't maintain his car very well

sigue manteniendo vivos sus ideales he still keeps his ideals alive

C

1 ‹conversaciones› to have; ‹contactos› to maintain, keep up; ‹correspondencia› to keep up; ‹relaciones› to maintain

durante las negociaciones mantenidas en Ginebra during the negotiations held in Geneva

2 (cumplir) ‹promesa/palabra› to keep

D (afirmar, sostener) to maintain

mantiene que es inocente he maintains that he is innocent

■ mantenerse

v pron

A (sustentarse económicamente) to support o maintain o keep oneself

B (en cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep

se mantuvieron en primera división they kept their place o they stayed in the first division

mantenerse en forma to keep in shape, to keep fit

lo único que se mantiene en pie es la torre all that remains is the tower, only the tower is still standing

se mantiene al día she keeps up to date

siempre se mantuvo a distancia he always kept his distance

se mantuvo en contacto con sus amigos de la infancia he kept in touch with o kept up with his childhood friends

se mantuvo neutral en la disputa he remained neutral in the dispute

C

(alimentarse): nos mantuvimos a base de latas we lived off tinned food

se mantiene a base de vitaminas he lives on vitamin pills

* * *

mantener ( conjugate mantener) verbo transitivo
1 ( económicamente) ‹familia/persona› to support, maintain;
‹ amante› to keep
2 (conservar, preservar) to keep;
◊ mantener la calma to keep calm;

mantener el equilibrio to keep one's balance;
mantener algo en equilibrio to balance sth;
para mantener su peso actual to maintain his present weight
3
a) ‹ conversaciones› to have;

‹ contactos› to maintain, keep up;
‹ correspondencia› to keep up;
‹ relaciones› to maintain
b) ( cumplir) ‹promesa/palabra› to keep

4 (afirmar, sostener) to maintain
mantenerse verbo pronominal
1 ( sustentarse económicamente) to support oneself
2 (en cierto estado, cierta situación) to keep;
◊ mantenerse en forma to keep fit;

la torre aún se mantiene en pie the tower is still standing;
mantenerse en contacto (con algn) to keep in touch (with sb)
3 ( alimentarse):
◊ mantenerse a base de latas to live off tinned food

mantener verbo transitivo
1 (conservar) to keep: ella mantiene vivo su recuerdo, she keeps his memory alive
mantén la calma, keep calm
2 (sostener) to have: mantuvimos una conversación muy seria, we had a very serious talk
(una teoría, hipótesis) to defend, maintain
3 (alimentar, sustentar) to support, feed: no podían mantener las dos casas, they couldn't keep up both houses
4 (peso) to support, hold up
' mantener' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
callarse
- conchabarse
- conservar
- conservarse
- continuismo
- escribirse
- ir
- hilo
- línea
- raya
- sustentar
- tener
- tipo
- ahuyentar
- alerta
- calma
- correspondencia
- corriente
- disciplina
- flote
- guardar
- llevar
- mantiene
- mantuve
- orden
- preservar
- sujetar
English:
balance
- bay
- buoy
- captive
- carry on
- cherish
- cool
- fire
- hold
- hold off
- house
- hygiene
- image
- keep
- keep away
- keep down
- keep up
- maintain
- order
- preserve
- provide for
- retain
- secrecy
- stall
- support
- suspense
- sustain
- swear
- track
- unionist
- uphold
- weight-watching
- white elephant
- carry
- clear
- conduct
- correspond
- credit
- door
- go
- head
- inform
- occupy
- peace
- police
- provide
- segregate
- stand
- stick
- struggle

* * *

mantener

♦ vt

1. [económicamente] to support;

con su sueldo mantiene a toda la familia he has to support o keep his whole family with his wages

2. [sostener] to keep;

un andamio mantiene el edificio en pie a scaffold supports the building o keeps the building from falling down;

mantén los brazos en alto keep your arms in the air

3. [conservar] to keep;
[ritmo, nivel, presión] to keep up;
mantener las amistades to keep up one's friendships;

mantener algo en buen estado to keep sth in good condition;

mantener la calma to stay calm;

mantener el orden to keep order;

mantener la línea to keep one's figure;

mantener una promesa/la palabra to keep a promise/one's word;

mantenga limpia su ciudad [en letrero] keep your city tidy;

manténgase en un lugar seco [en etiqueta] keep in a dry place;

manténgase fuera del alcance de los niños [en medicamento, producto tóxico] keep out of the reach of children;

es incapaz de mantener la boca cerrada he can't keep his mouth shut

4. [tener] [conversación] to have;
[negociaciones, diálogo] to hold;
mantener correspondencia con alguien to correspond with sb;

mantener relaciones con alguien to have a relationship with sb;

mantener contactos con alguien to be in contact with sb

5. [defender] [convicción, idea] to stick to;
[candidatura] to refuse to withdraw;
mantiene su inocencia she maintains that she is innocent;

mantiene que no la vio he maintains that he didn't see her

♦ See also the pronominal verb mantenerse

* * *

mantener

v/t

1 ( sujetar) hold; techo etc hold up

2 ( preservar) keep

3 conversación, relación have

4 económicamente support

5 ( afirmar) maintain

* * *

mantener {80} vt

1) sustentar: to support, to feed

mantener uno su familia: to support one's family

2) conservar: to keep, to preserve

3) continuar: to keep up, to sustain

mantener una correspondencia: to keep up a correspondence

4) afirmar: to maintain, to affirm

♦ See also the reflexive verb mantenerse

* * *

mantener vb

1. (en general) to keep [pt. & pp. kept]

la nevera mantiene los alimentos fríos the fridge keeps food cold

he mantenido mi promesa I've kept my promise

2. (económicamente) to support

su hijo mantiene a toda la familia their son supports the whole family

3. (afirmar) to maintain

mantengo lo que dije el mes pasado I maintain what I said last month

4. (sujetar) to hold [pt. & pp. held]

mantén bien sujeto el cuadro hold the picture tight

Spanish-English dictionary > mantener
7 situación

f.

1 situation, state, picture.

2 position, siting.

3 presentation of the fetus, lie, lie of the fetus, presentation.

* * *

situación

► nombre femenino

1 (circunstancia) situation

■ la situación política the political situation

2 (posición) position

■ su situación social his social position

3 (emplazamiento) situation, location

* * *

noun f.

situation

* * *

SF

1) (=circunstancias) situation

¿qué harías en una situación así? — what would you do in a situation like that?

me pones en una situación muy difícil — you're putting me in a very difficult position

no estoy en situación de desmentirlo — I'm not in a position to deny it

situación jurídica — legal status

situación límite — extreme situation

2) (=emplazamiento) situation, location

la casa tiene una situación inmejorable — the house is in a superb location, the house is superbly located o situated

3) [en la sociedad] position, standing

crearse una situación — to do well for o.s.

situación económica — financial position, financial situation

4) (=estado) state

la situación del edificio es ruinosa — the building is in a state of ruin

5)

precio de situación — LAm bargain price

* * *

femenino

1)

a) ( coyuntura) situation

no está en situación de poder ayudarnos — she is not in a position to be able to help us

salvar la situación — to save the day

b) ( en la sociedad) position, standing

2) ( emplazamiento) position, situation (frml), location (frml)

la situación del local es excelente — the premises are ideally situated o located

* * *

= event, location, picture, position, scenario, scene, setting, situation, state, state of affairs, pass, set and setting, landscape, juncture, setup [set-up], footing, stage, climate, conjuncture.

Ex. The concept of corporate body includes named occasional groups and events, such as meetings, conferences, congresses, expeditions, exhibitions, festivals, and fairs.

Ex. Having been alerted to the existence of a document, the user needs information concerning the actual location of the document, in order that the document may be read.

Ex. Outside the Gwynedd, Dyfed and Clwyd heartland the picture was not encouraging.

Ex. The directory is a finding list which lists for every field its tag, the number of characters in the field, and the starting character position of the field within the record.

Ex. This article describes a scenario in which the training of junior staff on-the-job is discussed emphasising that the reality in New Zealand libraries falls far short of the ideal.

Ex. Scenes that include conflict, emotions, prejudices, misunderstandings, and unreasonableness but also kindliness, humor, friendliness, and goodwill are acted out daily in different kinds of libraries.

Ex. Over 700 CRT terminals are online to Columbus and are used in a variety of ways to improve service in the local library settings.

Ex. Even in this apparently straightforward situation, complications can arise.

Ex. Before she could respond and follow up with a question about her distraught state, Feng escaped to the women's room.

Ex. One likely effect of this would be that the information-rich would become richer and the information-poor poorer, a state of affairs which many would consider highly undesirable.

Ex. As he traversed the length of the corridor to the media center, Anthony Datto reflected on the events that had brought him to this unhappy pass.

Ex. For me a picture of myself in a dentist's waiting room is a perfect metaphor for set and setting very much in play against the easily obtained pleasures I usually get from reading.

Ex. During the post-war period international organizations have become a prominent feature of the international landscape.

Ex. For all national libraries a major factor is technological change in communication proceeding at an ever accelerating rating which has brought them to the current juncture.

Ex. 'You know,' she had said amiably, 'there might be a better job for you here once things get rolling with this new regional setup'.

Ex. Certain new factors have fertilized the ground for the rooting and growth of activity on a stronger and firmer footing than has ever been possible in the past.

Ex. Although this study examines the international management stage, there are some points of relevance to this project.

Ex. The article 'Keeping your ear to the ground' discusses the skills and knowledge information professionals need to have in today's IT-rich climate.

Ex. This has opened up issues of what is & is not thinkable &, therefore, doable in the present conjuncture of crisis & instability.

----

* aceptar la situación = accept + situation.

* adaptable a la situación = situation-aware.

* afrontar la situación = bear + the strain.

* agravar una situación = exacerbate + situation, aggravate + situation.

* analizar los pormenores de una situación = look + behind the scene.

* aprovechar la situación = ride + the wave.

* cambiar a la situación anterior = reverse.

* cambiar la situación = change + the course of events.

* complicar la situación = cloud + the issue, confuse + the issue.

* confundir la situación = cloud + the view, cloud + the picture.

* contemplar una situación = address + situation.

* controlar la situación = tame + the beast.

* corregir una situación = correct + situation, redress + situation.

* crear una situación = create + a situation.

* dada la situación = in the circumstances.

* darse una situación más esperanzadora = sound + a note of hope.

* desafiar una situación = challenge + situation.

* describir una situación = depict + situation.

* disfrutar de la situación = ride + the wave.

* dominar la situación = tame + the beast.

* empeorar la situación = make + things worse.

* empeorar una situación = exacerbate + situation, aggravate + situation.

* encontrarse con una situación = come across + situation, meet + situation.

* encontrarse en una mejor situación económica = be economically better off.

* en cualquier otra situación = in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events.

* en cualquier situación = in any given situation.

* en esta situación = at this juncture.

* enfrentarse a una situación = face + situation, meet + situation.

* en la situación concreta = on the scene.

* en situación de = in the position to.

* en situación de crisis = on the rocks.

* en situaciones de riesgo = in harm's way.

* en situaciones normales = under normal circumstances.

* en situaciones peligrosas = in harm's way.

* en una situación de emergencia = in an emergency situation, in an emergency.

* en una situación desesperada = in dire straits.

* en una situación muy problemática = in deep trouble, in deep water.

* estado de una situación = state of being.

* estar en situación de = be in a position to.

* estar en una situación diferente = be on a different track.

* explicar la situación = explain + the situation.

* gravedad de la situación, la = seriousness of the situation, la, gravity of the situation, the.

* hacer frente a la situación = tackle + situation.

* hacer que se produzca una situación = bring about + situation.

* hecho para una situación específica = niche-specific.

* imaginarse una situación = envision + situation.

* información que permite mejorar la situación social de Alguien = empowering information.

* informe de situación = status report.

* informe sobre la situación actual = state of the art report.

* la situación = the course of events.

* mecanismo de reducción de situaciones difíciles = threat-reduction mechanism.

* mejora de situación social = upward mobility.

* mejorar la situación = improve + the lot.

* mejorar una situación = ameliorate + situation.

* meterse en una situación embarazosa = put + Reflexivo + into + position.

* ocupar una situación idónea para = be well-placed to.

* pasar a una situación económica más confortable = improve + Posesivo + lot.

* perder el control de la situacion = things + get out of hand.

* reaccionar ante una situación = respond to + situation.

* rectificar una situación = rectify + situation.

* remediar una situación = remedy + situation.

* resolver una situación = manage + situation, resolve + situation.

* responder a una situación = respond to + situation.

* salir de una situación difícil = haul + Reflexivo + out of + Posesivo + bog.

* sensible a la situación = situation-aware.

* simulacro de una situación supuesta = play-acting.

* situación actual = current situation, current state, present state, current status.

* situación actual, la = scheme of things, the.

* situación + agravar = situation + exacerbate.

* situación análoga = analogue.

* situación apremiante = plight.

* situación apurada = hardship.

* situación azarosa = predicament.

* situación buena = strong position.

* situación + cambiar = tide + turn.

* situación cómica = comedy sketch.

* situación confusa = muddy waters.

* situación cotidiana = everyday situation, daily situation.

* situación crítica = critical situation.

* situación de decadencia irreversible = terminal decline.

* situación de desesperación = scene of despair.

* situación de estrés = stress situation.

* situación de préstamo = loan status.

* situación desagradable = unpleasantness.

* situación de tensión = stress situation.

* situación diaria = daily situation.

* situación difícil = plight, hardship, bumpy ride.

* situación económica = financial situation, economic status.

* situación económica, la = economics of the situation, the.

* situación embarazosa = embarrassing situation.

* situación en la que hay un vencedor y un perdedor = win-lose + Nombre.

* situación en la que las dos partes salen ganando = win-win + Nombre.

* situaciones = sphere of activity, sphere of life, walks (of/in) life.

* situaciones de la vida = life situations [life-situations].

* situación experimental = laboratory situation.

* situación forzada = Procrustean bed.

* situación hipotética = scenario.

* situación ideal = ideal situation.

* situación insoportable = unbearable situation.

* situación insostenible = unbearable situation.

* situación + irse de las manos = things + get out of hand.

* situación laboral = employment situation, employment status.

* situación + mejorar = situation + ease.

* situación peligrosa = endangerment, dangerous situation.

* situación penosa = plight.

* situación poco clara = clouding.

* situación política = political scene.

* situación posible = scenario.

* situación precaria = precarious situation.

* situación privilegiada = advantageous location.

* situación problemática = problem situation.

* situación sin solución = impasse.

* situación + surgir = situation + arise.

* situación tensa = stress situation.

* situación ventajosa = winning situation.

* superar una situación difícil = weather + the bumpy ride, weather + the storm.

* verse en la situación = find + Reflexivo + in the position.

* * *

femenino

1)

a) ( coyuntura) situation

no está en situación de poder ayudarnos — she is not in a position to be able to help us

salvar la situación — to save the day

b) ( en la sociedad) position, standing

2) ( emplazamiento) position, situation (frml), location (frml)

la situación del local es excelente — the premises are ideally situated o located

* * *

= event, location, picture, position, scenario, scene, setting, situation, state, state of affairs, pass, set and setting, landscape, juncture, setup [set-up], footing, stage, climate, conjuncture.

Ex: The concept of corporate body includes named occasional groups and events, such as meetings, conferences, congresses, expeditions, exhibitions, festivals, and fairs.

Ex: Having been alerted to the existence of a document, the user needs information concerning the actual location of the document, in order that the document may be read.

Ex: Outside the Gwynedd, Dyfed and Clwyd heartland the picture was not encouraging.

Ex: The directory is a finding list which lists for every field its tag, the number of characters in the field, and the starting character position of the field within the record.

Ex: This article describes a scenario in which the training of junior staff on-the-job is discussed emphasising that the reality in New Zealand libraries falls far short of the ideal.

Ex: Scenes that include conflict, emotions, prejudices, misunderstandings, and unreasonableness but also kindliness, humor, friendliness, and goodwill are acted out daily in different kinds of libraries.

Ex: Over 700 CRT terminals are online to Columbus and are used in a variety of ways to improve service in the local library settings.

Ex: Even in this apparently straightforward situation, complications can arise.

Ex: Before she could respond and follow up with a question about her distraught state, Feng escaped to the women's room.

Ex: One likely effect of this would be that the information-rich would become richer and the information-poor poorer, a state of affairs which many would consider highly undesirable.

Ex: As he traversed the length of the corridor to the media center, Anthony Datto reflected on the events that had brought him to this unhappy pass.

Ex: For me a picture of myself in a dentist's waiting room is a perfect metaphor for set and setting very much in play against the easily obtained pleasures I usually get from reading.

Ex: During the post-war period international organizations have become a prominent feature of the international landscape.

Ex: For all national libraries a major factor is technological change in communication proceeding at an ever accelerating rating which has brought them to the current juncture.

Ex: 'You know,' she had said amiably, 'there might be a better job for you here once things get rolling with this new regional setup'.

Ex: Certain new factors have fertilized the ground for the rooting and growth of activity on a stronger and firmer footing than has ever been possible in the past.

Ex: Although this study examines the international management stage, there are some points of relevance to this project.

Ex: The article 'Keeping your ear to the ground' discusses the skills and knowledge information professionals need to have in today's IT-rich climate.

Ex: This has opened up issues of what is & is not thinkable &, therefore, doable in the present conjuncture of crisis & instability.

* aceptar la situación = accept + situation.

* adaptable a la situación = situation-aware.

* afrontar la situación = bear + the strain.

* agravar una situación = exacerbate + situation, aggravate + situation.

* analizar los pormenores de una situación = look + behind the scene.

* aprovechar la situación = ride + the wave.

* cambiar a la situación anterior = reverse.

* cambiar la situación = change + the course of events.

* complicar la situación = cloud + the issue, confuse + the issue.

* confundir la situación = cloud + the view, cloud + the picture.

* contemplar una situación = address + situation.

* controlar la situación = tame + the beast.

* corregir una situación = correct + situation, redress + situation.

* crear una situación = create + a situation.

* dada la situación = in the circumstances.

* darse una situación más esperanzadora = sound + a note of hope.

* desafiar una situación = challenge + situation.

* describir una situación = depict + situation.

* disfrutar de la situación = ride + the wave.

* dominar la situación = tame + the beast.

* empeorar la situación = make + things worse.

* empeorar una situación = exacerbate + situation, aggravate + situation.

* encontrarse con una situación = come across + situation, meet + situation.

* encontrarse en una mejor situación económica = be economically better off.

* en cualquier otra situación = in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events.

* en cualquier situación = in any given situation.

* en esta situación = at this juncture.

* enfrentarse a una situación = face + situation, meet + situation.

* en la situación concreta = on the scene.

* en situación de = in the position to.

* en situación de crisis = on the rocks.

* en situaciones de riesgo = in harm's way.

* en situaciones normales = under normal circumstances.

* en situaciones peligrosas = in harm's way.

* en una situación de emergencia = in an emergency situation, in an emergency.

* en una situación desesperada = in dire straits.

* en una situación muy problemática = in deep trouble, in deep water.

* estado de una situación = state of being.

* estar en situación de = be in a position to.

* estar en una situación diferente = be on a different track.

* explicar la situación = explain + the situation.

* gravedad de la situación, la = seriousness of the situation, la, gravity of the situation, the.

* hacer frente a la situación = tackle + situation.

* hacer que se produzca una situación = bring about + situation.

* hecho para una situación específica = niche-specific.

* imaginarse una situación = envision + situation.

* información que permite mejorar la situación social de Alguien = empowering information.

* informe de situación = status report.

* informe sobre la situación actual = state of the art report.

* la situación = the course of events.

* mecanismo de reducción de situaciones difíciles = threat-reduction mechanism.

* mejora de situación social = upward mobility.

* mejorar la situación = improve + the lot.

* mejorar una situación = ameliorate + situation.

* meterse en una situación embarazosa = put + Reflexivo + into + position.

* ocupar una situación idónea para = be well-placed to.

* pasar a una situación económica más confortable = improve + Posesivo + lot.

* perder el control de la situacion = things + get out of hand.

* reaccionar ante una situación = respond to + situation.

* rectificar una situación = rectify + situation.

* remediar una situación = remedy + situation.

* resolver una situación = manage + situation, resolve + situation.

* responder a una situación = respond to + situation.

* salir de una situación difícil = haul + Reflexivo + out of + Posesivo + bog.

* sensible a la situación = situation-aware.

* simulacro de una situación supuesta = play-acting.

* situación actual = current situation, current state, present state, current status.

* situación actual, la = scheme of things, the.

* situación + agravar = situation + exacerbate.

* situación análoga = analogue.

* situación apremiante = plight.

* situación apurada = hardship.

* situación azarosa = predicament.

* situación buena = strong position.

* situación + cambiar = tide + turn.

* situación cómica = comedy sketch.

* situación confusa = muddy waters.

* situación cotidiana = everyday situation, daily situation.

* situación crítica = critical situation.

* situación de decadencia irreversible = terminal decline.

* situación de desesperación = scene of despair.

* situación de estrés = stress situation.

* situación de préstamo = loan status.

* situación desagradable = unpleasantness.

* situación de tensión = stress situation.

* situación diaria = daily situation.

* situación difícil = plight, hardship, bumpy ride.

* situación económica = financial situation, economic status.

* situación económica, la = economics of the situation, the.

* situación embarazosa = embarrassing situation.

* situación en la que hay un vencedor y un perdedor = win-lose + Nombre.

* situación en la que las dos partes salen ganando = win-win + Nombre.

* situaciones = sphere of activity, sphere of life, walks (of/in) life.

* situaciones de la vida = life situations [life-situations].

* situación experimental = laboratory situation.

* situación forzada = Procrustean bed.

* situación hipotética = scenario.

* situación ideal = ideal situation.

* situación insoportable = unbearable situation.

* situación insostenible = unbearable situation.

* situación + irse de las manos = things + get out of hand.

* situación laboral = employment situation, employment status.

* situación + mejorar = situation + ease.

* situación peligrosa = endangerment, dangerous situation.

* situación penosa = plight.

* situación poco clara = clouding.

* situación política = political scene.

* situación posible = scenario.

* situación precaria = precarious situation.

* situación privilegiada = advantageous location.

* situación problemática = problem situation.

* situación sin solución = impasse.

* situación + surgir = situation + arise.

* situación tensa = stress situation.

* situación ventajosa = winning situation.

* superar una situación difícil = weather + the bumpy ride, weather + the storm.

* verse en la situación = find + Reflexivo + in the position.

* * *

situación

feminine

A

1 (coyuntura) situation

nuestra situación económica our financial situation o position

no está en situación de poder ayudarnos she is not in a position to be able to help us

se encuentra en una situación desesperada her situation o plight is desperate, she is in a desperate situation

apenas crearon situaciones de gol they hardly made any scoring chances

salvar la situación to save the day o rescue the situation

2 (en la sociedad) position, standing

Compuesto:

situación límite

extreme situation

B (emplazamiento) position, situation ( frml), location ( frml)

la situación del local es excelente the premises are ideally situated o located

* * *

situación sustantivo femenino
1
a) ( coyuntura) situation

b) ( en la sociedad) position, standing

2 ( emplazamiento) position, situation (frml), location (frml)
situación sustantivo femenino
1 (económica) situation
2 (trance) me puso en una situación muy embarazosa, he put me in an awkward situation
3 (emplazamiento) location
4 (condiciones, disposición) state: no estamos en situación de rechazarlo, we are in no position to refuse it
' situación' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abusiva
- abusivo
- acierto
- aclimatarse
- adueñarse
- afianzarse
- airosa
- airoso
- ambiente
- ámbito
- anterioridad
- aprovechar
- caer
- calibrar
- callejón
- cañón
- capear
- cargo
- caso
- comparable
- comprometedor
- comprometedora
- comprometida
- comprometido
- compromiso
- condición
- conducir
- considerablemente
- correr
- coyuntura
- crisis
- decantar
- desdramatizar
- desembocar
- detonante
- dimanar
- disposición
- dueña
- dueño
- embrollo
- emotiva
- emotivo
- endemoniada
- endemoniado
- enrarecerse
- enredar
- enredarse
- entrar
- estar
- estado
English:
aggravate
- anywhere
- applicable
- apprise
- aspect
- assess
- assessment
- awkward
- backdrop
- border on
- break
- bullet
- business
- case
- command
- confuse
- consolidate
- danger
- defuse
- deteriorate
- dinner
- dire
- disgusting
- distressing
- encouraging
- end
- explosive
- fraught
- fuel
- further
- grim
- heat
- hook
- hot up
- in
- indoors
- inflammable
- injustice
- irritating
- joke
- mess
- misjudge
- muddy
- nasty
- need
- no-win
- off
- ongoing
- pass
- picture

* * *

situación nf

1. [circunstancias] situation;
[legal, social] status;
estar en situación de hacer algo [en general] to be in a position to do sth;
[enfermo, borracho] to be in a fit state to do sth;
estar en una situación privilegiada to be in a privileged position

Comp
situación económica economic situation;
situación límite extreme o critical situation

2. [ubicación] location;

la tienda está en una situación muy céntrica the shop is in a very central location

* * *

situación

f situation;

estar en situación de be in a position to

* * *

situación nf, pl - ciones : situation

* * *

situación n situation

Spanish-English dictionary > situación
8 aumento

m.

1 increase, rise.

un aumento del 10 por ciento a 10 percent increase

un aumento de los precios a price rise

las temperaturas experimentarán un ligero aumento temperatures will rise slightly

ir en aumento to be on the increase

aumento lineal across-the-board pay rise (de sueldo)

aumento de sueldo pay rise

2 promotion.

3 magnifying power.

4 jump.

pres.indicat.

1^st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: aumentar.

* * *

aumento

► nombre masculino

1 increase, growth

2 (óptica) magnification

3 (fotos) enlargement

4 (sonido) amplification

5 (salario) rise, US raise

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

ir en aumento to be on the increase

aumento de precios rise in prices

* * *

noun m.

1) increase

2) raise

* * *

SM

1) [de tamaño] increase; (Fot) enlargement; (Ópt) magnification

2) [de cantidad, producción, velocidad, intensidad] increase; [de precio] increase, rise

un aumento del número de turistas — an increase in the number of tourists

se registró un aumento de temperatura — an increase o rise in temperature was recorded

un aumento del calor — a rise in temperature

aumento de peso — [en objeto] increase in weight; [en persona] weight gain

aumento de población — population increase

aumento de precio — rise in price

aumento de sueldo, aumento salarial — (pay) rise

3) (Elec, Radio) amplification

4)

ir en aumento — to be on the increase

5) (Ópt) magnification

una lente de 30 aumentos — a lens of 30x magnification

unas gafas de mucho aumento — glasses with very strong lenses

6) Méx (=posdata) postscript

* * *

masculino

a) ( incremento) rise, increase

pedir un aumento — to ask for a raise (AmE) o (BrE) rise

las tarifas sufrirán un ligero aumento — there will be a small increase o rise in fares

aumento de algo: aumento de peso increase in weight; aumento de temperatura rise in temperature; aumento de precio price rise o increase; aumento de sueldo — salary increase, pay raise (AmE), pay rise (BrE)

b) (Ópt) magnification

lentes con or de mucho aumento — glasses with very strong lenses

* * *

= boost, build-up [buildup], extension, growth, increase, rise, tide, expansion, deepening, augmentation, increase in numbers, growth in number, surge, upswing, widening, waxing, enlargement, heightening.

Ex. Consequently, Leforte came to expect -- perhaps even take for granted -- the periodic boosts of ego and income that the evaluations provided.

Ex. No problem usually with terminals and micros but there could be an undesirable temperature build-up in confined areas.

Ex. These can be seen as extensions of the supportive role provided by Neighbourhood Advice Centres to community groups.

Ex. This document contains information on such concepts as settlement, urban growth, field patterns, forest clearance and many others.

Ex. The term you have chosen indicates an increase in specificity, since it is one of the members of the group described by the basic term.

Ex. The rapid rise of computer literacy in the world has led to a demand for the easy availability of many kinds of information.

Ex. What has happened is that yet another institution has so overlapped with our own that we are being swept along on the tide of the technological revolution.

Ex. This is not a simple general expansion of a description but an increasing emphasis upon aspects of the book.

Ex. There is a categorical moral imperative for a deepening and a renewal of the concept of collegiality -- that is a blend of intense competition and mutual support -- in relations between research scholars and research librarians.

Ex. If the budget will not permit staff augmentation, then the reference librarian must help the department head to make the most of available resources.

Ex. The present increase in numbers of overseas students in Australia tertiary institutions has implications for libraries.

Ex. The growth in number of national, regional and international agricultural organisations has resulted in a vast output of scientific and technical literature, issued in a wide variety of forms.

Ex. The Internet is also creating a new surge of interest in information in all forms, and a revitalized interest in reading.

Ex. The author discusses the current upswing in paperback sales of children's books in the USA and the slump in hardback sales.

Ex. Despite growth in export volume in recent years, there has been a widening of the national current account deficit from 8.8% to over 20%.

Ex. This waning of one discipline and waxing of another represents the fundamental incommensurability, yet mutual dependence, of existing disciplinary categories of knowledge.

Ex. This enlargement of interests forms the basis of the claim to provide an information education appropriate to other than library-type environments.

Ex. The arts can serve the heightening of our sensibilities to the theological dimensions of cultural movements.

----

* aumento acelerado = spurt.

* aumento acusado = sharp increase.

* aumento asociado a la inflación = inflation-adjusted.

* aumento de = increased.

* aumento de cantidad = increase in quantity.

* aumento de costes = increased costs, cost increase.

* aumento de la demanda = increase in (the) demand, increased demand.

* aumento de la producción = increased production.

* aumento de las diferencias entre... y = widening gap between... and, widening of the gap beween.... and.

* aumento del conocimiento = knowledge building.

* aumento de los impuestos = tax increase.

* aumento del uso = increased use.

* aumento de pecho = breast augmentation, breast enlargement.

* aumento de peso = weight gain.

* aumento de precios = price increase, increased price.

* aumento de tamaño = increase in size.

* aumento en espesor = thickening.

* aumento notable = rising tide.

* aumento repentino = upsurge.

* aumento salarial = salary increase, pay rise, salary rise.

* aumento salarial por méritos = merit salary increase.

* aumento transitorio de tensión = surge.

* aumento vertiginoso = explosion, spiralling [spiraling, -USA].

* conceder aumento salarial = award + salary increase.

* en aumento = burgeoning, increasing, mounting, rising, on the rise, growing, heightening.

* en aumento gradual = gradually quickening.

* en continuo aumento = ever-increasing.

* espejo de aumento = magnifying mirror.

* experimentar un aumento = experience + rise.

* experimentar un aumento vertiginoso = experience + explosion.

* gran aumento = heavy increase.

* ir en aumento = be on the increase.

* lector de aumento = magnifying reader.

* lente de aumento = magnifying glass, magnifier.

* mamoplastía de aumento = augmentation mammoplasty.

* ritmo de aumento = rate of increase.

* tasa de aumento = growth rate, rate of growth, rate of increase.

* * *

masculino

a) ( incremento) rise, increase

pedir un aumento — to ask for a raise (AmE) o (BrE) rise

las tarifas sufrirán un ligero aumento — there will be a small increase o rise in fares

aumento de algo: aumento de peso increase in weight; aumento de temperatura rise in temperature; aumento de precio price rise o increase; aumento de sueldo — salary increase, pay raise (AmE), pay rise (BrE)

b) (Ópt) magnification

lentes con or de mucho aumento — glasses with very strong lenses

* * *

= boost, build-up [buildup], extension, growth, increase, rise, tide, expansion, deepening, augmentation, increase in numbers, growth in number, surge, upswing, widening, waxing, enlargement, heightening.

Ex: Consequently, Leforte came to expect -- perhaps even take for granted -- the periodic boosts of ego and income that the evaluations provided.

Ex: No problem usually with terminals and micros but there could be an undesirable temperature build-up in confined areas.

Ex: These can be seen as extensions of the supportive role provided by Neighbourhood Advice Centres to community groups.

Ex: This document contains information on such concepts as settlement, urban growth, field patterns, forest clearance and many others.

Ex: The term you have chosen indicates an increase in specificity, since it is one of the members of the group described by the basic term.

Ex: The rapid rise of computer literacy in the world has led to a demand for the easy availability of many kinds of information.

Ex: What has happened is that yet another institution has so overlapped with our own that we are being swept along on the tide of the technological revolution.

Ex: This is not a simple general expansion of a description but an increasing emphasis upon aspects of the book.

Ex: There is a categorical moral imperative for a deepening and a renewal of the concept of collegiality -- that is a blend of intense competition and mutual support -- in relations between research scholars and research librarians.

Ex: If the budget will not permit staff augmentation, then the reference librarian must help the department head to make the most of available resources.

Ex: The present increase in numbers of overseas students in Australia tertiary institutions has implications for libraries.

Ex: The growth in number of national, regional and international agricultural organisations has resulted in a vast output of scientific and technical literature, issued in a wide variety of forms.

Ex: The Internet is also creating a new surge of interest in information in all forms, and a revitalized interest in reading.

Ex: The author discusses the current upswing in paperback sales of children's books in the USA and the slump in hardback sales.

Ex: Despite growth in export volume in recent years, there has been a widening of the national current account deficit from 8.8% to over 20%.

Ex: This waning of one discipline and waxing of another represents the fundamental incommensurability, yet mutual dependence, of existing disciplinary categories of knowledge.

Ex: This enlargement of interests forms the basis of the claim to provide an information education appropriate to other than library-type environments.

Ex: The arts can serve the heightening of our sensibilities to the theological dimensions of cultural movements.

* aumento acelerado = spurt.

* aumento acusado = sharp increase.

* aumento asociado a la inflación = inflation-adjusted.

* aumento de = increased.

* aumento de cantidad = increase in quantity.

* aumento de costes = increased costs, cost increase.

* aumento de la demanda = increase in (the) demand, increased demand.

* aumento de la producción = increased production.

* aumento de las diferencias entre... y = widening gap between... and, widening of the gap beween.... and.

* aumento del conocimiento = knowledge building.

* aumento de los impuestos = tax increase.

* aumento del uso = increased use.

* aumento de pecho = breast augmentation, breast enlargement.

* aumento de peso = weight gain.

* aumento de precios = price increase, increased price.

* aumento de tamaño = increase in size.

* aumento en espesor = thickening.

* aumento notable = rising tide.

* aumento repentino = upsurge.

* aumento salarial = salary increase, pay rise, salary rise.

* aumento salarial por méritos = merit salary increase.

* aumento transitorio de tensión = surge.

* aumento vertiginoso = explosion, spiralling [spiraling, -USA].

* conceder aumento salarial = award + salary increase.

* en aumento = burgeoning, increasing, mounting, rising, on the rise, growing, heightening.

* en aumento gradual = gradually quickening.

* en continuo aumento = ever-increasing.

* espejo de aumento = magnifying mirror.

* experimentar un aumento = experience + rise.

* experimentar un aumento vertiginoso = experience + explosion.

* gran aumento = heavy increase.

* ir en aumento = be on the increase.

* lector de aumento = magnifying reader.

* lente de aumento = magnifying glass, magnifier.

* mamoplastía de aumento = augmentation mammoplasty.

* ritmo de aumento = rate of increase.

* tasa de aumento = growth rate, rate of growth, rate of increase.

* * *

aumento

masculine

1 (incremento) rise, increase

pedir un aumento to ask for a pay raise ( AmE) o ( BrE) rise

las tarifas experimentarán or sufrirán un ligero aumento there will be a small increase o rise in fares

la tensión va en aumento tension is growing o mounting o increasing

el aumento de las cotizaciones en las bolsas the rise in stock market prices

la velocidad del cuerpo va en aumento a medida que … the speed of the object increases as …

aumento DE algo:

aumento de peso increase in weight, weight gain

aumento de temperatura rise in temperature

aumento de precio price rise o increase

aumento de sueldo salary increase, pay raise ( AmE), pay rise ( BrE)

2 ( Ópt) magnification

un microscopio de 20 aumentos a microscope with a magnifying power o magnification of 20

tiene gafas or ( AmL) lentes con or de mucho aumento he wears glasses with very strong lenses

* * *

Del verbo aumentar: ( conjugate aumentar)

aumento es:

1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

aumentó es:

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

Multiple Entries:
aumentar
aumento
aumentar ( conjugate aumentar) verbo transitivo
a) ( en general) to increase;

‹precio/sueldo› to increase, raise
b) (Opt) to magnify

verbo intransitivo [temperatura/presión] to rise;
[ velocidad] to increase;
[precio/producción/valor] to increase, rise;
◊ aumentoá el frío it will become colder;

aumento de algo ‹de volumen/tamaño› to increase in sth;
aumentó de peso he put on o gained weight
aumento sustantivo masculino
a) ( incremento) rise, increase;

◊ aumento de peso increase in weight;

aumento de temperatura rise in temperature;
aumento de precio price rise o increase;
aumento de sueldo salary increase, pay raise (AmE), pay rise (BrE)
b) (Ópt) magnification;

◊ lentes de mucho aumento glasses with very strong lenses

aumentar
I verbo transitivo to increase
Fot to enlarge
Ópt to magnify
II vi (una cantidad) to go up, rise
(de valor) to appreciate
aumento sustantivo masculino
1 increase
aumento de sueldo, pay rise
2 Fot enlargement
3 Ópt magnification
' aumento' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
lente
- más
- petición
- producción
- progresiva
- progresivo
- salarial
- agudo
- auge
- aumentar
- autorizar
- bonificación
- escalada
- nubosidad
- prever
- prometido
- rápido
- representar
- retroactivo
- sensible
- triple
- valorización
- votar
English:
appreciation
- attribute
- bolster
- build-up
- by
- gain
- growing
- growth
- hike
- hysteria
- improvement
- increase
- leap
- mount
- negotiate
- of
- raise
- rise
- surge
- wage increase
- build
- glass
- jump
- pay
- rising
- settlement
- up

* * *

aumento nm

1. [de temperatura, precio, gastos, tensión] increase, rise;
[de sueldo] Br rise, US raise; [de velocidad] increase;
un aumento del 10 por ciento a 10 percent increase;

un aumento de los precios a price rise;

las temperaturas experimentarán un ligero aumento temperatures will rise slightly;

ir o [m5] estar en aumento to be on the increase

Comp
aumento lineal [de sueldo] across-the-board pay Br rise o US raise;
aumento de sueldo pay increase;

pedir un aumento de sueldo to ask for a (pay) Br rise o US raise

2. [en óptica] magnification;

una lente de 20 aumentos a lens of magnification x 20

3. Méx [posdata] postscript

* * *

aumento

m de precios, temperaturas etc rise (de in), increase (de in);

aumento salarial o

de sueldo raise, Br (pay) rise;

ir en aumento be increasing

* * *

aumento nm

incremento: increase, rise

* * *

aumento n increase / rise

un aumento de sueldo a pay rise

aumento de precios a price increase

aumento de la temperatura a rise in temperature

ir en aumento to be increasing / to be rising

Spanish-English dictionary > aumento
9 near cash

!

гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.

Introduction

This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.

Principles of the framework

The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
"
consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
" "
the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
" "
strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
"
the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.

The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
"
the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
"
the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.

Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.

Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)

The framework for public expenditure is divided between
"
Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
"
Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.

More information about DEL and AME is set out below.

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Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL)

In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.

To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.

Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.

Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.

There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.

Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME)

AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.

AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.

AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.

Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.

Total Managed Expenditure

Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.

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Resource Accounting and Budgeting ( RAB)

Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
"
Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
"
Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
"
Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
"
Administration Budgets (see below)

Administration Budgets

The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.

Spending Reviews

The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.

The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.

Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.

The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
"
provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
" "
enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
" "
introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
"
not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.

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Comprehensive Spending Review 2007

To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.

A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
"
an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
" "
an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
" "
to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
"
further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.

The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.

Obtaining good performance

Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.

The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.

Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.

Departmental Investment Strategies (DISs)

To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.

This document was updated on 19 December 2005.

Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money

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"
GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
"
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GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money

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GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.

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64Managing Public Money

Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash
10 muerto

adj.

1 dead, deceased, defunct, demised.

2 dead, asleep, benumbed, numbed.

3 dead-like, slothful, sluggish.

4 dead, without electricity.

5 discharged, without charge.

f. & m.

1 dead person, corpse, dead man.

2 speed ramp, sleeping policeman.

past part.

past participle of spanish verb: morir.

* * *

muerto

► nombre masculino

1 familiar drag, bore

————————

muerto

► participio pasado

1→ link=morir morir

► adjetivo

1 (sin vida) dead; (sin actividad) lifeless

■ este pueblo está muerto there's nothing going on in this village

2 familiar (cansado) tired, worn out

■ estoy muerto I'm beat

■ la mudanza me ha dejado muerto moving house has finished me off

3 (marchito) faded, withered

► nombre masculino,nombre femenino

1 dead person (cadáver) corpse

2 (víctima) victim

► nombre masculino muerto

1 familiar drag, bore

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

dejar muerto,-a a alguien familiar (de cansancio) to finish somebody off 2 (de asombro) to leave somebody dumbfounded

caer muerto,-a to drop dead

cargar con el muerto to be left holding the baby

cargarle el muerto a alguien to pass the buck to somebody

hacer el muerto (en el agua) to float on one's back

hacerse el muerto to pretend to be dead

'Muerto en combate' "Killed in action"

no tener dónde caerse muerto,-a not to have a penny to one's name

ser un/una muerto,-a de hambre to be a good-for-nothing

¡tus muertos! tabú up yours!

medio muerto,-a half-dead

* * *
1. (f. - muerta)
adj.

dead
2. (f. - muerta)
noun

dead person

* * *
muerto, -a
1.

PP de morir

2. ADJ

1) [persona, animal] dead

mis abuelos están muertos — my grandparents are dead

el golpe lo dejó medio muerto — the blow left him half-dead

resultó muerto en el acto — he died instantly

• muerto en acción o campaña — killed in action

• dar por muerto a algn — to give sb up for dead

• ser muerto a tiros — to be shot, be shot dead

• vivo o muerto — dead or alive

- estar más muerto que vivo

- estar muerto y enterrado

- no tener donde caerse muerto
ángulo, cal, lengua, marea, naturaleza, punto, tiempo, vía
2) * [para exagerar]

a) (=cansado) dead tired *, ready to drop *

después del viaje estábamos muertos — we were dead tired o ready to drop after the journey *

caí muerta en la cama — I dropped flat out on the bed

b) (=sin animación) dead

en invierno este pueblo está muerto — this town is dead in winter

c)

• estar muerto de algo, estaba muerto de la envidia — I was green with envy

me voy a la cama, que estoy muerta de sueño — I'm going to bed, I'm dead tired *

estaba muerto de miedo — I was scared to death

estaba muerto del aburrimiento — he was dead bored

estoy muerta de cansancio — I'm dead tired o dog tired *, I'm ready to drop *

comes como si estuvieras muerto de hambre — you're eating as if you were starving hungry

• estar muerto de risa — [persona] to laugh one's head off, kill o.s. laughing; [casa] to be going to rack and ruin; Esp [ropa] to be gathering dust

estaba muerto de risa con sus chistes — I laughed my head off at his jokes, I killed myself laughing at his jokes

compró una casa para tenerla muerta de risa — he bought a house and let it go to rack and ruin *

el piano sigue ahí muerto de risa — the piano is still there gathering dust

el solar sigue todavía muerto de risa — nothing has been done yet with that plot of land

3) (=relajado) [brazo, mano] limp

se me quedó la mano muerta — my hand went limp

deja el brazo muerto — let your arm go limp

4) (=apagado) [color] dull

3. SM / F

1) (=persona muerta)
[en accidente, guerra]
¿ha habido muertos en el accidente? — was anyone killed in the accident?

el conflicto ha causado 45.000 muertos — the conflict has caused 45,000 deaths o the deaths of 45,000 people

el número de muertos va en aumento — the death toll o the number of deaths is rising

• doblar a muerto — to toll the death knell

• los muertos — the dead

resucitó de entre los muertos — he rose from the dead

los muertos vivientes — the living dead

• tocar a muerto — to toll the death knell

- ¡me cago en los muertos!

- ¡te lo juro por mis muertos!

- un muerto de hambre

ni muerto * —

no me pondría ese traje ni muerto — I wouldn't be seen dead in that suit *

resucitar a un muerto —

esta sopa resucita a un muerto — hum this soup really hits the spot *

2) * (=cadáver) body

han encontrado un muerto en el río — they have found a (dead) body in the river

el muerto fue trasladado en avión — the body was taken by plane

• hacer el muerto — to float

¿sabes hacer el muerto boca arriba? — can you float on your back?

• hacerse el muerto — to pretend to be dead

- callarse como un muerto

- los muertos no hablan

- el muerto al hoyo y el vivo al bollo

4. SM

1) * (=tarea pesada) drag *

¡vaya muerto que nos ha caído encima! — Esp what a drag! *

lo siento, pero te ha tocado a ti el muerto de decírselo al jefe — I'm sorry, but you've drawn the short straw - you've got to tell the boss

- cargar con el muerto

ese muerto yo no me lo cargo, yo soy inocente — I'm not taking the blame o rap *, I'm innocent

cargar con el muerto de hacer algo — to be lumbered with doing sth *

siempre me cargan con el muerto de cuidar a los niños — I always get lumbered with looking after the children

- cargar o echar el muerto a algn

a mí no me cargas tú ese muerto, yo no tengo nada que ver en este asunto — don't try and pin the blame on me, I've got nothing to do with this

2) (Naipes) dummy
DÍA DE LOS MUERTOS 2 November, All Souls' Day, called the Día de los Muertos elsewhere in the Spanish-speaking world and Día de los Difuntos in Spain, is the day when Christians throughout the Spanish-speaking world traditionally honour their dead. In Mexico the festivities are particularly spectacular with a week-long festival, starting on 1 November, in which Christian and ancient pagan customs are married. 1 November itself is for children who have died, while 2 November is set aside for adults. Families meet to take food, flowers and sweets in the shape of skeletons, coffins and crosses to the graves of their loved ones. In Spain people celebrate the Día de los Difuntos by taking flowers to the cemetery. 20-N N 20-N is commonly used as shorthand to refer to the anniversary of General Franco's death on 20 November 1975. Every year supporters of the far right hold a commemorative rally in Madrid's Plaza de Oriente, the scene of many of Franco's speeches to the people.
* * *
I
- ta adjetivo

1) [ESTAR]

a) <persona/animal/planta> dead

resultaron muertos 30 mineros — 30 miners died o were killed

lo dieron por muerto — he was given up for dead

muerto y enterrado — dead and buried, over and done with (colloq)

ni muerto or muerta — no way (colloq), no chance (colloq)

b) (fam) ( cansado) dead beat (colloq)

c) (fam) (pasando, padeciendo)

muerto DE algo: estar muerto de hambre/frío/sueño to be starving/freezing/dead-tired (colloq); estaba muerto de miedo he was scared stiff (colloq); muerto de (la) risa (fam): estaba muerto de risa — he was laughing his head off

2) (como pp) (period)

fue muerto a tiros — he was shot dead

las dos personas muertas por los terroristas — the two people killed by the terrorists

3)

a) <pueblo/zona> dead, lifeless

b) ( inerte) limp

c) <carretera/camino> disused
II
- ta masculino, femenino

1) ( persona muerta)

hubo dos muertos — two people died o were killed

los muertos de la guerra — the war dead

lo juro por mis muertos — (fam) I swear on my mother's grave

hacerse el muerto — to pretend to be dead

cargar con el muerto — (fam) ( con un trabajo pesado) to do the dirty work

se fueron sin pagar y me tocó cargar con el muerto — they took off and left me to pick up the tab (colloq)

cargarle el muerto a alguien — (fam) ( responsabilizar) to pin the blame on somebody; ( endilgarle la tarea) to give somebody the dirty work (colloq)

hacer el muerto — to float on one's back

ser un muerto de hambre — (fam) to be a nobody (colloq)

el muerto al hoyo y el vivo al bollo — dead men have no friends

2) muerto masculino ( en naipes) dummy

* * *

= dead, deceased, dulled, dead and buried, dead and gone.

Ex. The newcomer to the subject may be forgiven for concluding that the concept of post-coordinate indexing is dead.

Ex. Deceased persons of high renown in these fields will also be included.

Ex. Adolescents cannot be led so easily, so unselfconsciously as children, and disenchantment can be a door that closes tight against attempts to reinvigorate dulled literary receptivity.

Ex. The article 'Is horror dead and buried?' discusses the current state of the horror fiction market, and how predictions of its collapse have failed to materialize.

Ex. The article is entitled 'Who's gonna take out the garbage when I'm dead and gone? New roles for leaders'.

----

* ángulo muerto = blind spot.

* bebé que nace muerto = stillbirth [still-birth].

* caerse muerto = drop + dead.

* cargar el muerto = pass + the bucket.

* causar muertos = take + a toll on life.

* comprar hasta caer muerto = shop 'til you drop.

* cuerpo de animal muerto = carcass.

* dado por muerto = presumed dead.

* declarar muerto = declare + dead, pronounce + dead.

* doblar a muerto = sound + the death knell for.

* el muerto al hoyo y el vivo al bollo = dead men have no friends.

* estar muerto de asco = be bored to death, be bored stiff, be bored to tears, be bored out of + Posesivo + mind.

* estar muerto de hambre = be starving to death.

* estar muerto de miedo = be scared stiff, be frightened to death, be petrified of, be terrified.

* estar muerto de sed = spit + feathers, be parched, be parched with thirst.

* fingir estar muerto = feign + death.

* hacerle una paja a un muerto = flog + a dead horse, beat + a dead horse, fart + in the wind.

* hacerse el muerto = play + possum, play + dead.

* hombre muerto = goner.

* lengua muerta = dead language, dead tongue.

* manuscritos del Mar Muerto, los = Dead Sea Scrolls, the.

* Mar Muerto, el = Dead Sea, the.

* más que muerto = dead and buried.

* materia muerta = dead matter, inanimate matter.

* mosquita muerta = butter wouldn't melt in his mouth.

* muerto de cansancio = tired to death.

* muerto de curiosidad = agog.

* muerto de frío = frozen to the bone, frozen to the marrow (of the bones), chilled to the bone, chilled to the marrow (of the bones).

* muerto de hambre = poverty-stricken, starving.

* muerto en combate = killed in action.

* muerto en vida = living dead.

* muertos, los = slain, the, dead, the.

* muerto viviente = living dead.

* muerto y bien muerto = dead and buried.

* nacido muerto = stillborn.

* ¡ni muerto! = Not on your life!, You won't catch me doing it.

* no acercarse a Algo ni muerto = would not touch + Nombre + with a barge pole.

* no hacer Algo ni muerto = would not touch + Nombre + with a barge pole.

* no tener donde caerse muerto = not have two pennies to rub together.

* número de muertos = death toll.

* oler a perros muertos = stink to + high heaven.

* pasar el muerto = pass + the bucket.

* punto muerto = stalemate, dead end street, deadlock, standoff.

* resucitar a los muertos = raise + the dead.

* revista muerta = inactive journal.

* rollos del Mar Muerto, los = Dead Sea Scrolls, the.

* supuestamente muerto = presumed dead.

* tema muerto = dead issue.

* tener cara de muerto = look like + death warmed (over/up).

* tiempo muerto = downtime, time out.

* tocar a muerto = sound + the death knell for.

* trabajar hasta caer muerto = work + Reflexivo + to the ground, work + Reflexivo + to death.

* * *
I
- ta adjetivo

1) [ESTAR]

a) <persona/animal/planta> dead

resultaron muertos 30 mineros — 30 miners died o were killed

lo dieron por muerto — he was given up for dead

muerto y enterrado — dead and buried, over and done with (colloq)

ni muerto or muerta — no way (colloq), no chance (colloq)

b) (fam) ( cansado) dead beat (colloq)

c) (fam) (pasando, padeciendo)

muerto DE algo: estar muerto de hambre/frío/sueño to be starving/freezing/dead-tired (colloq); estaba muerto de miedo he was scared stiff (colloq); muerto de (la) risa (fam): estaba muerto de risa — he was laughing his head off

2) (como pp) (period)

fue muerto a tiros — he was shot dead

las dos personas muertas por los terroristas — the two people killed by the terrorists

3)

a) <pueblo/zona> dead, lifeless

b) ( inerte) limp

c) <carretera/camino> disused
II
- ta masculino, femenino

1) ( persona muerta)

hubo dos muertos — two people died o were killed

los muertos de la guerra — the war dead

lo juro por mis muertos — (fam) I swear on my mother's grave

hacerse el muerto — to pretend to be dead

cargar con el muerto — (fam) ( con un trabajo pesado) to do the dirty work

se fueron sin pagar y me tocó cargar con el muerto — they took off and left me to pick up the tab (colloq)

cargarle el muerto a alguien — (fam) ( responsabilizar) to pin the blame on somebody; ( endilgarle la tarea) to give somebody the dirty work (colloq)

hacer el muerto — to float on one's back

ser un muerto de hambre — (fam) to be a nobody (colloq)

el muerto al hoyo y el vivo al bollo — dead men have no friends

2) muerto masculino ( en naipes) dummy

* * *

= dead, deceased, dulled, dead and buried, dead and gone.

Ex: The newcomer to the subject may be forgiven for concluding that the concept of post-coordinate indexing is dead.

Ex: Deceased persons of high renown in these fields will also be included.

Ex: Adolescents cannot be led so easily, so unselfconsciously as children, and disenchantment can be a door that closes tight against attempts to reinvigorate dulled literary receptivity.

Ex: The article 'Is horror dead and buried?' discusses the current state of the horror fiction market, and how predictions of its collapse have failed to materialize.

Ex: The article is entitled 'Who's gonna take out the garbage when I'm dead and gone? New roles for leaders'.

* ángulo muerto = blind spot.

* bebé que nace muerto = stillbirth [still-birth].

* caerse muerto = drop + dead.

* cargar el muerto = pass + the bucket.

* causar muertos = take + a toll on life.

* comprar hasta caer muerto = shop 'til you drop.

* cuerpo de animal muerto = carcass.

* dado por muerto = presumed dead.

* declarar muerto = declare + dead, pronounce + dead.

* doblar a muerto = sound + the death knell for.

* el muerto al hoyo y el vivo al bollo = dead men have no friends.

* estar muerto de asco = be bored to death, be bored stiff, be bored to tears, be bored out of + Posesivo + mind.

* estar muerto de hambre = be starving to death.

* estar muerto de miedo = be scared stiff, be frightened to death, be petrified of, be terrified.

* estar muerto de sed = spit + feathers, be parched, be parched with thirst.

* fingir estar muerto = feign + death.

* hacerle una paja a un muerto = flog + a dead horse, beat + a dead horse, fart + in the wind.

* hacerse el muerto = play + possum, play + dead.

* hombre muerto = goner.

* lengua muerta = dead language, dead tongue.

* manuscritos del Mar Muerto, los = Dead Sea Scrolls, the.

* Mar Muerto, el = Dead Sea, the.

* más que muerto = dead and buried.

* materia muerta = dead matter, inanimate matter.

* mosquita muerta = butter wouldn't melt in his mouth.

* muerto de cansancio = tired to death.

* muerto de curiosidad = agog.

* muerto de frío = frozen to the bone, frozen to the marrow (of the bones), chilled to the bone, chilled to the marrow (of the bones).

* muerto de hambre = poverty-stricken, starving.

* muerto en combate = killed in action.

* muerto en vida = living dead.

* muertos, los = slain, the, dead, the.

* muerto viviente = living dead.

* muerto y bien muerto = dead and buried.

* nacido muerto = stillborn.

* ¡ni muerto! = Not on your life!, You won't catch me doing it.

* no acercarse a Algo ni muerto = would not touch + Nombre + with a barge pole.

* no hacer Algo ni muerto = would not touch + Nombre + with a barge pole.

* no tener donde caerse muerto = not have two pennies to rub together.

* número de muertos = death toll.

* oler a perros muertos = stink to + high heaven.

* pasar el muerto = pass + the bucket.

* punto muerto = stalemate, dead end street, deadlock, standoff.

* resucitar a los muertos = raise + the dead.

* revista muerta = inactive journal.

* rollos del Mar Muerto, los = Dead Sea Scrolls, the.

* supuestamente muerto = presumed dead.

* tema muerto = dead issue.

* tener cara de muerto = look like + death warmed (over/up).

* tiempo muerto = downtime, time out.

* tocar a muerto = sound + the death knell for.

* trabajar hasta caer muerto = work + Reflexivo + to the ground, work + Reflexivo + to death.

* * *

muerto¹ -ta

adjective

A [ ESTAR]

1 ‹persona/animal/planta› dead

sus padres están muertos her parents are dead

resultaron muertos 30 mineros 30 miners died o were killed

se busca vivo o muerto wanted dead or alive

lo dieron por muerto he was given up for dead

soldados muertos en combate soldiers who died in action

lo encontraron más muerto que vivo ( fam); when they found him he was more dead than alive

muerto y enterrado dead and buried, over and done with ( colloq)

ni muertoor muerta no way ( colloq), no chance ( colloq)

caer v pron A 2. (↑ caer)

2 ( fam) (cansado) dead beat ( colloq)

3 ( fam) (pasando, padeciendo) muerto DE algo:

estábamos muertos de hambre/frío/sueño we were starving/freezing/dead-tired ( colloq)

estaba muerto de miedo he was scared stiff ( colloq), he was rigid with fear

muerto de angustia sick with worry

muerto de (la) risa ( fam): estaba muerto de risa delante del televisor he was sitting in front of the television laughing his head off o killing himself laughing

un vestido tan caro y lo tienes ahí muerto de risa that's a really expensive dress and you leave it just gathering dust ( colloq)

B ( como pp) ( period):

fue muerto a tiros he was shot dead

las dos personas que fueron muertas por los terroristas the two people killed by the terrorists

C

1 ‹pueblo/zona› dead, lifeless

2 (inerte) limp

deja la mano muerta relax your hand, let your hand go limp o floppy

3 ‹carretera/camino› disused vía¹ (↑ vía (1)), lengua, naturaleza

muerto² -ta

masculine, feminine

A

(persona muerta): hubo dos muertos en el accidente two people died o were killed in the accident

los muertos de la guerra the war dead

las campanas doblaron or tocaron a muerto the bells sounded the death knell ( liter)

lo juro por mis muertos ( fam); I swear on my mother's grave o life

hacerse el muerto to pretend to be dead, play possum

cargar con el muerto ( fam): como nadie se ofrece, siempre tengo que cargar con el muerto nobody else volunteers so I'm always left to do the dirty work

se fueron sin pagar y me tocó cargar con el muerto they took off and left me to pick up the tab ( colloq)

ese muerto no lo cargo yo don't look at me! ( colloq)

cargarle el muerto a algn ( fam) (responsabilizar) to pin the blame on sb; (endilgarle la tarea) to give sb the dirty work ( colloq)

está como para resucitar a los muertos it goes right to the spot o really hits the spot ( colloq)

hacer el muerto to float on one's back

levantar el muerto ( fam); to pick up the tab ( colloq)

poner los muertos: en esa guerra nosotros hemos puesto los muertos we provided the cannon fodder in that war

un muerto de hambre ( fam): no comas de esa manera, que pareces un muerto de hambre don't eat like that, anyone would think you hadn't had a meal in weeks

una chica tan bien y se ha casado con ese muerto de hambre such a nice girl and she's gone and got married to that nobody ( colloq)

el muerto al hoyo y el vivo al bollo dead men have no friends

B

muerto masculine (en naipes) dummy

* * *

Del verbo morir: ( conjugate morir)

muerto es:

el participio

Multiple Entries:
morir
muerto
morir ( conjugate morir) verbo intransitivo
a) [persona/animal] to die;

◊ muerto ahogado to drown;

murió asesinada she was murdered;
muerto DE algo ‹de vejez/cáncer› to die of sth;
murió de hambre she starved to death;
¡y allí muere! (AmC fam) and that's all there is to it!
b) (liter) [civilización/costumbre] to die out

morirse verbo pronominal [persona/animal/planta] to die;
◊ se les murió la madre their mother died;

se me murió la perra my dog died;
no te vas a muerto por ayudarlo (fam) it won't kill you to help him (colloq);
como se entere me muero (fam) I'll die if she finds out (colloq);
muertose DE algo ‹de un infarto/de cáncer› to die of sth;
se moría de miedo/aburrimiento he was scared stiff/bored stiff;
me muero de frío I'm freezing;
me estoy muriendo de hambre I'm starving (colloq);
me muero por una cerveza I'm dying for a beer (colloq);
se muere por verla he's dying to see her (colloq)
muerto -ta adjetivo
1 [ESTAR]
a) ‹persona/animal/planta› dead;

◊ lo dieron por muerto he was given up for dead;

resultaron muertos 30 mineros 30 miners died o were killed;
caer muerto to drop dead
b) (fam) ( cansado) dead beat (colloq)

c) (fam) (pasando, padeciendo):

◊ estar muerto de hambre/frío/sueño to be starving/freezing/dead-tired (colloq);

estaba muerto de miedo he was scared stiff (colloq);
muerto de (la) risa (fam): estaba muerto de risa he was laughing his head off
2
a) ‹pueblo/zona› dead, lifeless

b) ( inerte) limp

■ sustantivo masculino, femenino
1 ( persona muerta):
◊ hubo dos muertos two people died o were killed;

hacerse el muerto to pretend to be dead;
cargar con el muerto (fam) ( con un trabajo pesado) to do the dirty work;
cargarle el muerto a algn (fam) ( responsabilizar) to pin the blame on sb;

( endilgarle la tarea) to give sb the dirty work (colloq);
◊ hacer el muerto to float on one's back

2
◊ muerto sustantivo masculino ( en naipes) dummy

morir verbo intransitivo to die
morir de agotamiento/hambre, to die of exhaustion/starvation
muerto,-a
I adjetivo
1 (sin vida) dead
2 (cansado) exhausted
3 (ciudad, pueblo) dead
horas muertas, spare time
Dep tiempo muerto, time-out
4 (uso enfático) muerto de frío/miedo, frozen/scared to death
muerto de hambre, starving
muerto de risa, laughing one's head off
5 Auto (en) punto muerto, (in) neutral
II sustantivo masculino y femenino
1 (cadáver) dead person
2 (tarea fastidiosa) dirty job
3 (víctima de accidente) fatality
4 fam LAm empty bottle
' muerto' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
dar
- desaparecida
- desaparecido
- fiambre
- fosa
- interfecta
- interfecto
- muerta
- punto
- reposar
- resucitar
- risa
- seca
- seco
- tiempo
- velar
- yacer
- caer
- carroña
- disecar
- sepultar
English:
accidentally
- body
- born
- coast
- convulse
- dead
- Dead Sea
- dead weight
- deadbeat
- deadlock
- death
- envy
- for
- fur
- good
- half
- half-dead
- impasse
- late
- life
- name
- neutral
- parched
- penny
- play
- possum
- read
- sick
- stalemate
- stand-off
- stiff
- stillbirth
- stillborn
- stone
- be
- brain
- carcass
- famished
- fatality
- fear
- flop
- free
- grind
- half-
- petrified
- pronounce
- stab
- still
- stuck

* * *

muerto, -a

♦ participio
ver morir
♦ adj

1. [sin vida] dead;

caer muerto to drop dead;

dar por muerto a alguien to give sb up for dead;

varios transeúntes resultaron muertos a number of passers-by were killed;

este sitio está muerto en invierno this place is dead in winter;

estar muerto de frío to be freezing to death;

estar muerto de hambre to be starving;

estar muerto de miedo to be scared to death;

estábamos muertos de risa we nearly died laughing;

Comp
Fam
estar muerto de risa [objeto] to be lying around doing nothing;

Comp

estar más muerto que vivo de hambre/cansancio to be half dead with hunger/exhaustion;

Comp
Am
estar muerto por alguien [enamorado] to be head over heels in love with sb;

Comp

no tiene dónde caerse muerto he doesn't have a penny to his name;

Prov

muerto el perro, se acabó la rabia the best way to solve a problem is to attack its root cause

2. Fam [muy cansado]
estar muerto (de cansancio), estar medio muerto to be dead beat;

estoy que me caigo muerto I'm fit to drop

3. Formal [matado]
fue muerto de un disparo he was shot dead;

muerto en combate killed in action

4. [color] dull

♦ nm,f

1. [fallecido] dead person;
[cadáver] corpse;
hubo dos muertos two people died;

hacer el muerto [sobre el agua] to float on one's back;

hacerse el muerto to pretend to be dead, to play dead;

las campanas tocaban a muerto the bells were tolling the death knell;

Comp
Fam
cargar con el muerto [trabajo, tarea] to be left holding the baby;
[culpa] to get the blame;
Comp
Fam
cargarle o [m5] echarle el muerto a alguien [trabajo, tarea] to leave the dirty work to sb;
[culpa] to put the blame on sb;
Comp
Fam
un muerto de hambre: se casó con un muerto de hambre she married a man who didn't have a penny to his name;

Prov

el muerto al hoyo y el vivo al bollo life goes on (in spite of everything)

2.
los muertos [los fallecidos] the dead;

el ejército derrotado enterraba a sus muertos the defeated army was burying its dead;

resucitar de entre los muertos to rise from the dead;

Comp
Vulg
¡(me cago en) tus muertos! you motherfucker!

♦ nm
[en naipes] dummy hand
* * *

muerto

I part → morir

II adj dead;

muerto de hambre starving; fig, desp penniless, down and out;

muerto de sueño dead-tired;

más muerto que vivo fig half-dead;

no tener dónde caerse muerto fam be as poor as a church mouse fam

III m, muerta f dead person;

hacer el muerto en el agua float on one’s back;

cargar(le) o

colgar(le) a alguien el muerto fig get s.o. to do the dirty work

* * *

muerto pp morir

muerto, -ta adj

1) : dead

2) : lifeless, flat, dull

3)

muerto de : dying of

estoy muerto de hambre: I'm dying of hunger

muerto, -ta nm

difunto: dead person, deceased

* * *

muerto¹ adj dead

un animal muerto a dead animal

muerto de cansancio dead tired

muerto de frío freezing cold

muerto de hambre starving hungry

muerto de miedo scared to death

muerto² n dead person / dead body [pl. bodies]

nunca he visto un muerto I've never seen a dead body

el accidente ha causado veinte muertos twenty people were killed in the accident

Spanish-English dictionary > muerto
11 rápido

adj.

1 fast, quick, speedy, swift.

2 fast, express, overnight, quick.

3 prompt, expeditious, quick, dynamic.

4 fast, breakneck.

adv.

fast, quickly.

intj.

hurry up, quick, let's hurry up, let's hurry.

m.

1 rapid, stream, riffle, shoot.

2 express train, fast train.

* * *

rápido

► adjetivo

1 quick, fast

► adverbio

1 quickly

■ ¡rápido! hurry up!, make it snappy!

► nombre masculino rápido

1 (tren) fast train, express train

► nombre masculino plural rápidos

1 (del río) rapids

————————

rápido

► nombre masculino

1 (tren) fast train, express train

► nombre masculino plural

* * *
1. (f. - rápida)
adj.

fast, quick, swift
2. adv.
quick

* * *

1. ADJ

1) (=veloz) fast, quick; [tren] fast, express

2) And, Caribe, Cono Sur [campo, paisaje] fallow

3) Caribe [tiempo] clear

2.

ADV quickly

¡y rápido, eh! — and make it snappy! *

3. SM

1) (Ferro) express

2) And, Caribe, Cono Sur (=campo) open country

3)

rápidos — (=rabiones) rapids

* * *
I
- da adverbio <hablar/trabajar> quickly, fast; <conducir/ir> fast

vamos, rápido, que es tarde! — quick o hurry, we're late!

tráemelo rápido! — bring it to me, quick!
II
adjetivo < aumento> rapid; < cambio> quick, rapid, swift; < desarrollo> rapid, swift

a paso rápido — quickly, swiftly

comida rápida — fast food

es muy rápido de hacer — you can make it very quickly
III
masculino

1) (Ferr) express train, fast train

2) rápidos masculino plural (Geog) rapids (pl)

* * *

= cursory, fast [faster -comp., fastest -sup.], fleeting, meteoric, prompt, quick [quicker -comp., quickest -sup.], rapid, ready [readier -comp., readiest -sup.], speedy [speedier -comp., speediest -sup.], swift [swifter -comp., swiftest -sup.], expeditious, fast-paced [fast paced], quick-fire, quick and dirty, rapid paced, accelerated, nifty [niftier -comp., nifitiest -sup.], nippy [nippier -comp., nippiest -sup.].

Nota: Generalmente referido al movimiento.

Ex. A cursory glance at the first column on this page of the schedules shows you that the terms listed here have a code number assigned to each.

Ex. This arrangement is faster than waiting until documents are ordered.

Ex. From time to time librarians do catch a fleeting glimpse of how others see them when some journalist or academic does articulate this widespread phobia.

Ex. This article discusses the serious implications of published research on price comparisons, especially when periodical prices are experiencing a meteoric rise.

Ex. In some instances the exploitation of centralised cataloguing records contributes to more prompt cataloguing, since less local cataloguing needs to be performed.

Ex. Fixed length fields the are economical on storage space, and records using fixed length fields are quick and easy to code.

Ex. Currency is more important in subjects where developments are rapid, than in more stable areas.

Ex. Any shelf arrangement systems which do not permit ready location of specific documents are cumbersome for the user or member of staff seeking a specific document.

Ex. Thus familiarity with normal filing orders becomes an important factor in complete and speedy retrieval from almost all printed sources.

Ex. For example, books close to the door and the circulation desk may be intended for the user who merely wishes to make a swift selection of items to take away and read elsewhere.

Ex. Activities can be plotted to allow the librarian to determine the most expeditious route that can be taken to finish the event.

Ex. Access to current, reliable quality news is an important need in the fast-paced environment of all large corporations and service organisations.

Ex. The librarian should be at pains to avoid the quick-fire response of the quiz contestant.

Ex. A ' quick and dirty' method is for all participants to select their 'favourite five' from each category.

Ex. This is a rapid paced, 30 minute session that introduces students to the concept of a search strategy and to various reference sources in print.

Ex. The author locates the waning educational computing craze in the historical context of an ed-tech trajectory that has brought visions of accelerated academic achievement followed by disappointment.

Ex. Cannes and Monaco have lots of money, beautiful women, nifty cars, lots of style and arrogance.

Ex. Around city and suburbs, the car is nippy and responds well.

----

* actuar rápido = be quick off the mark, be quick off the blocks.

* a un paso rápido = at a rapid pace.

* a un ritmo rápido = at a rapid pace.

* avance rápido de imágenes = fast motion.

* cada vez más rápido = ever faster.

* comenzar muy rápido = be off to a fast start.

* comenzar rápido = be quick off the mark, be quick off the blocks.

* comida rápida = junk food.

* comprobación rápida = spot check.

* consulta rápida = ready reference.

* creación rápida de prototipos = rapid prototyping.

* de crecimiento más rápido = fastest-growing.

* de crecimiento rápido = fast-growing, fast-evolving.

* de desarrollo rápido = fast-evolving.

* de movimientos rápidos = quick-moving.

* de rápido crecimiento = rapidly expanding, rapidly growing.

* de una forma rápida = quickly.

* de un modo rápido = overnight, at short notice.

* empezar rápido = be quick off the mark, be quick off the blocks.

* ir rápido = fly.

* menos rápidos, los = less fleet of foot, the.

* mirar rápida y brevemente = catch + sight of.

* mucho más rápido = far faster.

* muy frecuente y rápido = rapid-fire.

* obras de consulta rápida = quick reference material.

* rápida y enormemente = at a bound.

* rápidos = rapids.

* reaccionar rápido = be quick off the mark, be quick off the blocks.

* recordar de un modo rápido = sweep back to.

* responder rápido = be quick off the mark, be quick off the blocks.

* restaurante de comida rápida = fast-food restaurant.

* ser de crecimiento rápido = be a quick grower.

* ser muy rápido = be quick off + Posesivo + feet.

* ser rápido = be quick off the mark, be quick off the blocks.

* tan rápido como una liebre = as quick as a wink.

* tan rápido como un rayo = as quick as a wink.

* tan rápido como un relámpago = as quick as a wink.

* * *
I
- da adverbio <hablar/trabajar> quickly, fast; <conducir/ir> fast

vamos, rápido, que es tarde! — quick o hurry, we're late!

tráemelo rápido! — bring it to me, quick!
II
adjetivo < aumento> rapid; < cambio> quick, rapid, swift; < desarrollo> rapid, swift

a paso rápido — quickly, swiftly

comida rápida — fast food

es muy rápido de hacer — you can make it very quickly
III
masculino

1) (Ferr) express train, fast train

2) rápidos masculino plural (Geog) rapids (pl)

* * *

= cursory, fast [faster -comp., fastest -sup.], fleeting, meteoric, prompt, quick [quicker -comp., quickest -sup.], rapid, ready [readier -comp., readiest -sup.], speedy [speedier -comp., speediest -sup.], swift [swifter -comp., swiftest -sup.], expeditious, fast-paced [fast paced], quick-fire, quick and dirty, rapid paced, accelerated, nifty [niftier -comp., nifitiest -sup.], nippy [nippier -comp., nippiest -sup.].

Nota: Generalmente referido al movimiento.

Ex: A cursory glance at the first column on this page of the schedules shows you that the terms listed here have a code number assigned to each.

Ex: This arrangement is faster than waiting until documents are ordered.

Ex: From time to time librarians do catch a fleeting glimpse of how others see them when some journalist or academic does articulate this widespread phobia.

Ex: This article discusses the serious implications of published research on price comparisons, especially when periodical prices are experiencing a meteoric rise.

Ex: In some instances the exploitation of centralised cataloguing records contributes to more prompt cataloguing, since less local cataloguing needs to be performed.

Ex: Fixed length fields the are economical on storage space, and records using fixed length fields are quick and easy to code.

Ex: Currency is more important in subjects where developments are rapid, than in more stable areas.

Ex: Any shelf arrangement systems which do not permit ready location of specific documents are cumbersome for the user or member of staff seeking a specific document.

Ex: Thus familiarity with normal filing orders becomes an important factor in complete and speedy retrieval from almost all printed sources.

Ex: For example, books close to the door and the circulation desk may be intended for the user who merely wishes to make a swift selection of items to take away and read elsewhere.

Ex: Activities can be plotted to allow the librarian to determine the most expeditious route that can be taken to finish the event.

Ex: Access to current, reliable quality news is an important need in the fast-paced environment of all large corporations and service organisations.

Ex: The librarian should be at pains to avoid the quick-fire response of the quiz contestant.

Ex: A ' quick and dirty' method is for all participants to select their 'favourite five' from each category.

Ex: This is a rapid paced, 30 minute session that introduces students to the concept of a search strategy and to various reference sources in print.

Ex: The author locates the waning educational computing craze in the historical context of an ed-tech trajectory that has brought visions of accelerated academic achievement followed by disappointment.

Ex: Cannes and Monaco have lots of money, beautiful women, nifty cars, lots of style and arrogance.

Ex: Around city and suburbs, the car is nippy and responds well.

* actuar rápido = be quick off the mark, be quick off the blocks.

* a un paso rápido = at a rapid pace.

* a un ritmo rápido = at a rapid pace.

* avance rápido de imágenes = fast motion.

* cada vez más rápido = ever faster.

* comenzar muy rápido = be off to a fast start.

* comenzar rápido = be quick off the mark, be quick off the blocks.

* comida rápida = junk food.

* comprobación rápida = spot check.

* consulta rápida = ready reference.

* creación rápida de prototipos = rapid prototyping.

* de crecimiento más rápido = fastest-growing.

* de crecimiento rápido = fast-growing, fast-evolving.

* de desarrollo rápido = fast-evolving.

* de movimientos rápidos = quick-moving.

* de rápido crecimiento = rapidly expanding, rapidly growing.

* de una forma rápida = quickly.

* de un modo rápido = overnight, at short notice.

* empezar rápido = be quick off the mark, be quick off the blocks.

* ir rápido = fly.

* menos rápidos, los = less fleet of foot, the.

* mirar rápida y brevemente = catch + sight of.

* mucho más rápido = far faster.

* muy frecuente y rápido = rapid-fire.

* obras de consulta rápida = quick reference material.

* rápida y enormemente = at a bound.

* rápidos = rapids.

* reaccionar rápido = be quick off the mark, be quick off the blocks.

* recordar de un modo rápido = sweep back to.

* responder rápido = be quick off the mark, be quick off the blocks.

* restaurante de comida rápida = fast-food restaurant.

* ser de crecimiento rápido = be a quick grower.

* ser muy rápido = be quick off + Posesivo + feet.

* ser rápido = be quick off the mark, be quick off the blocks.

* tan rápido como una liebre = as quick as a wink.

* tan rápido como un rayo = as quick as a wink.

* tan rápido como un relámpago = as quick as a wink.

* * *

rápido¹

adverb

‹hablar/trabajar› quickly, fast; ‹conducir› fast

¡vamos, rápido, que es tarde! quick o hurry, we're late!

corrí todo lo rápido que podía I ran as fast o as quickly as I could

tráeme un trapo ¡rápido! bring me a cloth, quick!

¿puedes ir un poco más rápido? can you go a bit faster?

vámonos rápido de aquí let's get out of here quickly o ( colloq) quick

rápido² -da

adjective

‹aumento› rapid; ‹cambio› quick, rapid, swift; ‹desarrollo› rapid, swift

a paso rápido quickly, swiftly

comida rápida fast food

es muy rápido de hacer you can make it very quickly, it's very quick to make

rápido³

masculine

A ( Ferr) express train, fast train

B rápidos mpl ( Geog) rapids (pl)

* * *

rápido 1 adverbio ‹hablar/trabajar› quickly, fast;
‹conducir/ir› fast;
◊ tráemelo ¡rápido! bring it to me, quick!

rápido 2 -da adjetivo ‹ aumento› rapid;

‹ cambio› quick, rapid, swift;
‹ desarrollo› rapid, swift;
◊ a paso rápido quickly, swiftly;

comida rápida fast food
■ sustantivo masculino (Ferr) express train, fast train
■ sustantivo masculino
1 (Ferr) fast train
2
◊ rápidos sustantivo masculino plural (Geog) rapids (pl)

rápido,-a
I adjetivo quick, fast, rapid
comida rápida, fast food
nos dio una rápida contestación, he gave us a speedy response ➣ Ver nota en fast
II adverbio quickly, fast: caminas demasiado rápido, you're walking too fast
¡rápido!, hurry up!
III sustantivo masculino 1 rápidos, (de un río) rapids pl
2 (tren) fast train, express
' rápido' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
en
- espuela
- estirón
- lanzada
- lanzado
- ligera
- ligero
- rápida
- cada
- chiste
- doble
- minuta
- pasar
- perder
- posible
- pronto
- seguir
- súper
- tren
English:
boomtown
- brisk
- cursory
- dive
- fast
- flick
- flying
- get-rich-quick
- hasty
- high-speed
- jump in
- lively
- nippy
- passing
- poof
- prompt
- quick
- quickly
- rapid
- rattle through
- runner
- rush
- smart
- snappy
- speedy
- swift
- trigger-happy
- and
- as
- cataract
- express
- intercity
- reader
- so
- walker

* * *

rápido, -a

♦ adj
[veloz] quick, fast; [vehículo, comida] fast; [beneficio, decisión, vistazo] quick;
ser rápido de reflejos to have quick reflexes

♦ adv

quickly, fast;

no conduzcas tan rápido don't drive so fast;

no hables tan rápido, no te entiendo don't talk so fast, I can't understand you;

más rápido quicker;

¡ven, rápido! come, quick!;

¡hazlo/termina rápido! hurry up!;

si vamos rápido puede que lleguemos a tiempo if we're quick o if we hurry we may get there on time

♦ nm

1. [tren] express train

2.
rápidos [de río] rapids

* * *

rápido

I adj quick, fast

II m rapids pl

* * *

rápido adv

: quickly, fast

¡manejas tan rápido!: you drive so fast!

rápido, -da adj

: rapid, quick

♦ rápidamente adv

rápido nm

1) : express train

2) rápidos nmpl

: rapids

* * *

rápido¹ adj

1. (vistazo, lectura, visita) quick

2. (corredor, tren, animal) fast

rápido² adv quickly

no hables tan rápido don't talk so quickly

Spanish-English dictionary > rápido
12 desempeñar un papel

(v.) = fulfil + role, perform + role, fit into + the picture, play + role

Ex. One of the objectives is to produce a statement of the role of the Library, showing in priority order the steps the Library will need to take to fulfill that role.

Ex. I think we should all take to heart Lady Wootton's classic cutting of this Gordian knot, when she points out that social workers are not medicos, not psychologists, not sociologists, they are essentially experts in communication, performing a 'middleman' role.

Ex. The author considers what responsibilities librarians have for the current decline in biological systems around the globe and where university libraries fit into this picture.

Ex. Role operators reflect the role that each concept plays in the context of this particular subject.

* * *

(v.) = fulfil + role, perform + role, fit into + the picture, play + role

Ex: One of the objectives is to produce a statement of the role of the Library, showing in priority order the steps the Library will need to take to fulfill that role.

Ex: I think we should all take to heart Lady Wootton's classic cutting of this Gordian knot, when she points out that social workers are not medicos, not psychologists, not sociologists, they are essentially experts in communication, performing a 'middleman' role.

Ex: The author considers what responsibilities librarians have for the current decline in biological systems around the globe and where university libraries fit into this picture.

Ex: Role operators reflect the role that each concept plays in the context of this particular subject.

Spanish-English dictionary > desempeñar un papel
13 introducir

v.

1 to put in, to insert (meter) (llave, carta).

introduzca su número secreto enter your PIN number

2 to bring in, to introduce.

una banda que introduce droga en el país a gang smuggling drugs into the country

Ella introdujo la madera She introduced=inserted the wood.

Ella introdujo a la nueva secretaria She introduced the new secretary.

Ella introdujo la nueva técnica She introduced the new technique.

Ella introdujo su nuevo producto She introduced her new product.

Ella introdujo al plomero She introduced=ushered in the plumber.

3 to enter, to type in.

El chico introdujo los datos The boy entered=typed in the data.

4 to slip in.

5 to be inserted in, to be introduced in.

Se te introduce una aguja A needle is inserted in you.

* * *

introducir

Conjugation model [ CONDUCIR], like link=conducir conducir

► verbo transitivo

1 (gen) to introduce; (legislación) to introduce, bring in; (cambios) to make (en, to)

■ quieren introducir un nuevo impuesto they want to bring in a new tax

■ el sistema se introdujo en el año 1984 the system was introduced in 1984

2 (meter) to put, place; (insertar) insert

■ el domador introduce su cabeza en las fauces del león the lion tamer puts his head in the lion's mouth

■ introduce la llave en la cerradura insert the key in the lock

■ la introdujeron violentamente en un coche they bundled her into a car

3 (importar) to bring in, import; (clandestinamente) to smuggle in

■ logró introducir en el penal una lima he managed to smuggle a file into the prison

■ introducía la droga en cajetillas de tabaco he smuggled the drugs in in cigarette packets

► verbo pronominal introducirse

1 (entrar) to go in, get in, enter

■ el balón se introdujo en la portería the ball went into the net

■ los vemos introducirse en el ascensor we see them get into the lift

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

introducir modificaciones/novedades/cambios en algo to modify something, make changes to something

* * *

verb

1) to introduce

2) insert

3) input, insert

* * *

1. VT

1) (=meter)

a) [+ mano, pie] to put, place (en in(to))
[+ moneda, llave] to put, insert (en in(to))
introdujo los pies en el agua — he put o placed his feet in(to) the water

no podía introducir la llave en la cerradura — he couldn't get the key in(to) the lock

introduzca la moneda/el disquete en la ranura — insert the coin/the diskette in(to) the slot

introdujo la carta por debajo de la puerta — he slipped the letter under the door

b) [+ enfermedad, mercancías] to bring (en into)
introduce (en into) [+ contrabando, droga] to bring (en in(to))
cualquier animal puede introducir la rabia en el país — any animal could bring o introduce rabies into the country

el tabaco introducido ilegalmente en Europa — the tobacco brought into Europe illegally

esa bebida hace ya años que se introdujo en España — that drink was introduced in Spain o was brought onto the Spanish market years ago

introducir algo de contrabando — to smuggle sth (en into)

introducir algo en el mercado — to bring sth onto the market, introduce sth into the market

c)

introducir a algn en — [+ habitación] to show sb into; [+ situación real] to introduce sb to; [+ situación irreal] to transport sb to

el mayordomo nos introdujo hasta el salón — the butler showed us into the drawing room

quería introducirla en la alta sociedad — he wanted to introduce her to high society

su poesía nos introduce en un mundo de felicidad — his poetry transports us to a world of happiness

la novela nos introduce en el Egipto de Cleopatra — the novel takes us back to the Egypt of Cleopatra

2) (=empezar) [+ cultivo, ley, método] to introduce

poco a poco se fueron introduciendo las tradiciones árabes — Arab traditions were gradually introduced

para introducir el tema, empezaré hablando de política exterior — to introduce the subject, I'll begin by discussing foreign policy

introducir la ley del divorcio causó muchos problemas — the introduction of the divorce law caused many problems, introducing the divorce law was very problematic

3) (=realizar) [+ medidas, reformas] to bring in, introduce

quieren introducir cambios en la legislación — they want to make changes to the current legislation, they want to introduce changes into the current legislation

las reformas se introducirán gradualmente a lo largo de los próximos tres años — the reforms will be phased in over the next three years, the reforms will be brought in o introduced gradually over the next three years

se deben introducir mejoras en el diseño del folleto — improvements need to be made to the pamphlet design

4) (Inform) [+ datos] to input, enter

2.

See:

introducirse

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1) <llave/moneda> to insert

introdujo la papeleta en la urna — he put his ballot paper in o into the ballot box

2)

a) <cambios/medidas/ley> to introduce, bring in

introducir un nuevo producto en el mercado — to introduce a new product into o bring a new product onto the market

b) <contrabando/drogas> to bring in, smuggle in

un solo perro podría introducir la enfermedad en el país — a single dog could bring o introduce the disease into the country

3)

a) (presentar, iniciar) to introduce

b) < persona> ( a una actividad)

introducir a alguien a algo — to introduce somebody to something

me introdujo a la lectura de los clásicos — he introduced me to the classics

c) ( en un ambiente)

su música nos introduce en un mundo mágico — his music transports us to a magical world

el escritor nos introduce en la Francia del siglo pasado — the writer takes us back to the France of the last century
2.
introducirse v pron

a) ( meterse)

el agua se introducía por las ranuras — the water was seeping in through the cracks

la moneda se introdujo por una grieta — the coin fell down a crack

b) persona to gain access to

se introdujeron en el banco por un túnel — they gained access to o got into the bank via a tunnel

c) ( entrar en uso) modato come in

la costumbre se introdujo en los años 80 — the practice was introduced in the eighties

d) ( hacerse conocido) to become known

cuando su obra se introdujo en México — when his works became known in Mexico

ideas que se introdujeron en nuestra sociedad — ideas which found their way into our society

* * *

= enter, feed, input, insert, introduce, key in, load into, put in, put into, read in, usher in, inaugurate, carry in, slip in between, roll out.

Ex. Entry of an 'e' for end will bring back the screen shown in Figure 23 where you can make another choice or enter 'e' for end.

Ex. The computer merely needs to be fed with the source documents and their citation, and with the appropriate software, will generate the indexes.

Ex. Thus the electronic journal (e-journal) is a concept where scientists are able to input ideas and text to a computer data base for their colleagues to view, and similarly to view the work of others.

Ex. Gaps are left in the apportionment of notation in order to permit new subjects to be inserted.

Ex. The report introduced a range of ideas which have influenced subsequent code construction.

Ex. The advantage is that information does not have to be keyed in.

Ex. Multiple copies of the catalogue or index in the conventional sense are not required, but the data base can be copied and loaded into various computer systems.

Ex. For those of you who are not familiar with OCLC and the way we work the data base is not a vast receptacle into which we throw any kind of record that anybody wants to put in.

Ex. If the bibliographic record is found, it can be put into the system catalog immediately.

Ex. Light pens can be used to read in data from bar codes on borrowers' cards, books, records, audio-visual materials.

Ex. Optical technology has ushered in a new phase in the storage and retrieval of information.

Ex. In the beginning staff delivered books to readers in their homes, while in 1972 a mobile library service was inaugurated enabling readers to choose their own materials.

Ex. The first printing presses had two moving parts: the carriage assembly, which carried the type and paper in and out of the press, and the impression assembly, by means of which the paper was pressed down on to the inked type.

Ex. At all periods, but uncommonly before the eighteenth century, the lines of type might be 'leaded', thin strips of typemetal, reglet, or card being slipped in between each one.

Ex. I don't need to tell those of you from higher education institutions how course management systems are starting to really proliferate and roll out in higher education.

----

* introducir a golpes = hammer into.

* introducir Algo/Alguien en = usher + Nombre + into.

* introducir Algo en = take + Nombre + into.

* introducir arrastrando = haul in.

* introducir datos = key + data.

* introducir datos en el ordenador = input.

* introducir datos partiendo de cero = enter from + scratch.

* introducir de contrabando = smuggle in.

* introducir de nuevo = re-enter [reenter].

* introducir en = merge into.

* introducir escalonadamente = spiral.

* introducir gradualmente = phase in.

* introducir ilegalmente = smuggle in.

* introducir información = provide + input.

* introducir mediante el teclado = keyboard.

* introducir mejoras = make + improvements.

* introducir poco a poco a = filter through to.

* introducir por primera vez = pioneer.

* introducir progresivamente = spiral.

* introducirse = creep (up) (in/into), enter into, make + Posesivo + way (into/onto).

* introducirse completamente en = immerse + Reflexivo + in.

* introducirse en = insinuate + Posesivo + way through, insinuate + Reflexivo + (into), insinuate into.

* introducirse poco a poco = ease + Reflexivo + in.

* introducirse sigilosamente = creep up on.

* introducir tirando = haul in.

* introducir un cambio = bring + change.

* volver a introducir = re-enter [reenter], reintroduce, reinsert.

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1) <llave/moneda> to insert

introdujo la papeleta en la urna — he put his ballot paper in o into the ballot box

2)

a) <cambios/medidas/ley> to introduce, bring in

introducir un nuevo producto en el mercado — to introduce a new product into o bring a new product onto the market

b) <contrabando/drogas> to bring in, smuggle in

un solo perro podría introducir la enfermedad en el país — a single dog could bring o introduce the disease into the country

3)

a) (presentar, iniciar) to introduce

b) < persona> ( a una actividad)

introducir a alguien a algo — to introduce somebody to something

me introdujo a la lectura de los clásicos — he introduced me to the classics

c) ( en un ambiente)

su música nos introduce en un mundo mágico — his music transports us to a magical world

el escritor nos introduce en la Francia del siglo pasado — the writer takes us back to the France of the last century
2.
introducirse v pron

a) ( meterse)

el agua se introducía por las ranuras — the water was seeping in through the cracks

la moneda se introdujo por una grieta — the coin fell down a crack

b) persona to gain access to

se introdujeron en el banco por un túnel — they gained access to o got into the bank via a tunnel

c) ( entrar en uso) modato come in

la costumbre se introdujo en los años 80 — the practice was introduced in the eighties

d) ( hacerse conocido) to become known

cuando su obra se introdujo en México — when his works became known in Mexico

ideas que se introdujeron en nuestra sociedad — ideas which found their way into our society

* * *

= enter, feed, input, insert, introduce, key in, load into, put in, put into, read in, usher in, inaugurate, carry in, slip in between, roll out.

Ex: Entry of an 'e' for end will bring back the screen shown in Figure 23 where you can make another choice or enter 'e' for end.

Ex: The computer merely needs to be fed with the source documents and their citation, and with the appropriate software, will generate the indexes.

Ex: Thus the electronic journal (e-journal) is a concept where scientists are able to input ideas and text to a computer data base for their colleagues to view, and similarly to view the work of others.

Ex: Gaps are left in the apportionment of notation in order to permit new subjects to be inserted.

Ex: The report introduced a range of ideas which have influenced subsequent code construction.

Ex: The advantage is that information does not have to be keyed in.

Ex: Multiple copies of the catalogue or index in the conventional sense are not required, but the data base can be copied and loaded into various computer systems.

Ex: For those of you who are not familiar with OCLC and the way we work the data base is not a vast receptacle into which we throw any kind of record that anybody wants to put in.

Ex: If the bibliographic record is found, it can be put into the system catalog immediately.

Ex: Light pens can be used to read in data from bar codes on borrowers' cards, books, records, audio-visual materials.

Ex: Optical technology has ushered in a new phase in the storage and retrieval of information.

Ex: In the beginning staff delivered books to readers in their homes, while in 1972 a mobile library service was inaugurated enabling readers to choose their own materials.

Ex: The first printing presses had two moving parts: the carriage assembly, which carried the type and paper in and out of the press, and the impression assembly, by means of which the paper was pressed down on to the inked type.

Ex: At all periods, but uncommonly before the eighteenth century, the lines of type might be 'leaded', thin strips of typemetal, reglet, or card being slipped in between each one.

Ex: I don't need to tell those of you from higher education institutions how course management systems are starting to really proliferate and roll out in higher education.

* introducir a golpes = hammer into.

* introducir Algo/Alguien en = usher + Nombre + into.

* introducir Algo en = take + Nombre + into.

* introducir arrastrando = haul in.

* introducir datos = key + data.

* introducir datos en el ordenador = input.

* introducir datos partiendo de cero = enter from + scratch.

* introducir de contrabando = smuggle in.

* introducir de nuevo = re-enter [reenter].

* introducir en = merge into.

* introducir escalonadamente = spiral.

* introducir gradualmente = phase in.

* introducir ilegalmente = smuggle in.

* introducir información = provide + input.

* introducir mediante el teclado = keyboard.

* introducir mejoras = make + improvements.

* introducir poco a poco a = filter through to.

* introducir por primera vez = pioneer.

* introducir progresivamente = spiral.

* introducirse = creep (up) (in/into), enter into, make + Posesivo + way (into/onto).

* introducirse completamente en = immerse + Reflexivo + in.

* introducirse en = insinuate + Posesivo + way through, insinuate + Reflexivo + (into), insinuate into.

* introducirse poco a poco = ease + Reflexivo + in.

* introducirse sigilosamente = creep up on.

* introducir tirando = haul in.

* introducir un cambio = bring + change.

* volver a introducir = re-enter [reenter], reintroduce, reinsert.

* * *

introducir [I6 ]

vt

A (meter) introducir algo EN algo:

introdujo la papeleta en la urna he put his ballot paper in o into the ballot box, he placed his ballot paper in the ballot box

introducir la moneda en la ranura insert the coin in the slot

introdujo la llave en la cerradura he put o inserted the key in o into the lock

introducir un cuchillo en el centro del pastel insert a knife into the middle of the cake

B

1 ‹cambios/medidas/ley› to introduce, bring in, institute ( frml) introducir algo EN algo:

se introdujo una modificación en el reglamento a change was made in the rules

fue introducida en Europa en el siglo XVI it was introduced o brought into Europe in the 16th century

quieren introducir un nuevo producto en el mercado they plan to introduce a new product into o bring a new product onto the market

2 ‹contrabando/drogas› to bring in, smuggle in

un solo perro podría introducir la enfermedad en el país a single dog could bring o introduce the disease into the country

C

1 (presentar, iniciar) to introduce

estas tres notas introducen el nuevo tema musical these three notes introduce the new theme

2 ‹persona› (a una actividad) introducir a algn A algo to introduce sb TO sth

fue él quien me introdujo a la lectura de los clásicos it was he who introduced me to the classics

3 (en un ambiente) introducir a algn EN algo:

su música nos introduce en un mundo mágico his music transports us to a magical world

el escritor nos introduce en la Francia del siglo pasado the writer takes us back to the France of the last century

■ introducirse

v pron

1

(meterse): el agua se introducía por las ranuras the water was coming in o was seeping through the cracks

la moneda rodó hasta introducirse por una grieta the coin rolled along and dropped down a crack

2 «persona» to gain access to

se introdujeron en el banco por un túnel they gained access to o got into the bank via a tunnel

3

«ideas/costumbres/moda»: introducirse EN algo: ideas foráneas que se introdujeron poco a poco en nuestra sociedad foreign ideas which gradually found their way into our society

su obra se introdujo en México a través de las traducciones de Sanz his works became known in Mexico through Sanz's translations

* * *

introducir ( conjugate introducir) verbo transitivo
1 ( en general) to put … in;
‹ moneda› to insert;
introducir algo en algo to put sth into sth;
‹ moneda› to insert sth in sth
2
a) ‹cambios/medidas/ley› to introduce, bring in;

‹ producto› to introduce
b) ‹contrabando/drogas› to bring in, smuggle in

3 ( presentar) ‹acto/cantante› to introduce
introducirse verbo pronominal
a) ( meterse) [ ladrón] to gain access;

◊ la moneda se introdujo por una grieta the coin fell down a crack

b) ( entrar en uso) [ moda] to come in;

[ costumbre] to be introduced
c) ( hacerse conocido) [escritor/actor] to become known

introducir verbo transitivo
1 to introduce: su padre lo introdujo en la política, his father introduced him to politics
2 (meter) to insert, put in: introduzca una moneda, por favor, please insert coin
' introducir' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
deslizar
- embutir
- iniciar
- pasar
- sonda
- meter
English:
bring in
- dread
- feed
- input
- insert
- introduce
- jam in
- key in
- opportunity
- pack in
- phase
- promise
- put in
- stick in
- well
- work in
- bring
- float

* * *

introducir

♦ vt

1. [meter] [llave, carta] to put in, to insert;
Informát [datos] to input, to enter;
introdujo la moneda en la ranura she put o inserted the coin in the slot;

introdujo la carta en el sobre he put the letter in the envelope;

introduzca su número secreto enter your PIN number

2. [conducir] [persona] to show in;

introdujo a los visitantes en la sala de espera she showed the visitors into the waiting room

3. [en película, novela] to introduce;

en su última obra el autor introduce a dos nuevos personajes in his latest work the author introduces two new characters

4. [medidas, ley] to introduce, to bring in;

introdujeron un plan para combatir el desempleo they introduced o brought in a scheme to combat unemployment;

piensan introducir cambios en la ley they are planning to make changes to the law

5. [mercancías] to bring in, to introduce;

los españoles introdujeron los caballos en América the Spanish introduced horses to America;

una banda que introduce droga en el país a gang smuggling drugs into the country;

fue él quien introdujo las ideas revolucionarias en el país it was he who introduced o brought revolutionary ideas to the country

6. [dar a conocer]
introducir a alguien en to introduce sb to;

la introdujo en el mundo de la moda he introduced her to the world of fashion;

nos introdujo en los principios básicos de la astronomía he introduced us to the basic principles of astronomy

♦ See also the pronominal verb introducirse

* * *

introducir

v/t

1 introduce

2 ( meter) insert

3 INFOR input

* * *

introducir {61} vt

1) : to introduce

2) : to bring in

3) : to insert

4) : to input, to enter

♦ See also the reflexive verb introducirse

* * *

introducir vb

1. (meter) to insert / to put in [pt. & pp. put]

introduce la llave en la cerradura put the key in the lock

2. (aplicar) to introduce / to bring in [pt. & pp. brought]

han introducido un nuevo impuesto they've brought in a new tax

Spanish-English dictionary > introducir
14 desempeñar una función

(v.) = fulfil + purpose, perform + function, play + role, discharge + function, discharge + duty, perform + role, articulate + role, fit into + the picture, play + Posesivo + part

Ex. There are many kinds of library and information centre each fulfilling their own purpose.

Ex. Equally the class numbers used on LC cards perform the same function.

Ex. Role operators reflect the role that each concept plays in the context of this particular subject.

Ex. This document prescribes a policy framework for discharging offical functions under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1980.

Ex. How this international agency discharges its political and economical duties is examined.

Ex. I think we should all take to heart Lady Wootton's classic cutting of this Gordian knot, when she points out that social workers are not medicos, not psychologists, not sociologists, they are essentially experts in communication, performing a 'middleman' role.

Ex. The failure of librarians to articulate their educational role has marginalized the librarian's contribution to teaching and learning.

Ex. The author considers what responsibilities librarians have for the current decline in biological systems around the globe and where university libraries fit into this picture.

Ex. Training, equipment and experience all play their part in the success of a search.

* * *

(v.) = fulfil + purpose, perform + function, play + role, discharge + function, discharge + duty, perform + role, articulate + role, fit into + the picture, play + Posesivo + part

Ex: There are many kinds of library and information centre each fulfilling their own purpose.

Ex: Equally the class numbers used on LC cards perform the same function.

Ex: Role operators reflect the role that each concept plays in the context of this particular subject.

Ex: This document prescribes a policy framework for discharging offical functions under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1980.

Ex: How this international agency discharges its political and economical duties is examined.

Ex: I think we should all take to heart Lady Wootton's classic cutting of this Gordian knot, when she points out that social workers are not medicos, not psychologists, not sociologists, they are essentially experts in communication, performing a 'middleman' role.

Ex: The failure of librarians to articulate their educational role has marginalized the librarian's contribution to teaching and learning.

Ex: The author considers what responsibilities librarians have for the current decline in biological systems around the globe and where university libraries fit into this picture.

Ex: Training, equipment and experience all play their part in the success of a search.

Spanish-English dictionary > desempeñar una función
15 CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE

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   ■ Veríssimo, Serrão. Marcelo Caetano: Confidencias No Exílio. Lisbon, 1985. Vintras, R. E. The Portuguese Connection: The Secret History of the Azores Base. London: Bachman & Turner, 1974. West, S. George. The New Corporative State of Portugal [Inaugural lecture, King's College, London, Feb. 1937]. London: New Temple Press, 1937. Wheeler, Douglas L. "Thaw in Portugal." Foreign Affairs 48, 4 (July 1970): 769-81.

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   ■. Republican Portugal: A Political History, 1910-1926. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978. Portuguese edition: História Política de Portugal, 1910-l926. Mem Martins, 1985.

   ■. "The Price of Neutrality: Portugal, the Wolfram Question, and World War II." Luso-Brazilian Review [two part article] 12, 1-2 (Summer 1986; Winter 1986): 107-27.

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   ■. "The Third Pig: From Theory to Grubby Fact in Reassessing the Estado Novo." In B. F. Taggie and R. W. Clement, eds., Iberia & the Mediterranean, 145-68. Warrensburg: Central Missouri State Press, 1989.

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   ■, and René Pélissier. Angola. New York: Praeger and London: Pall Mall, 1971; reprinted: Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1977.

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   ■. Corporatism and Development: The Portuguese Experience. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1977.

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   ■ World War II and Portugal

   ■ Afonso, Rui. Um Homem Bom. Aristides De Sousa Mendes O " Wallenberg Portugues." Lisbon: Caminho, 1995.

   ■. Injustica-o Caso Sousa Mendes. Lisbon: Caminho, 1990.

   ■ Agudo, Manuel Ros. La Guerra Secreta de Franco ( 1939-1945). Barcelona, 2002.

   ■ Anon., Fugindo a Hitler e a Salazar e ao Holocausto-Refugiados em Portugal entre 1933-1945. Lisbon: Soc. Tipografica, 1994.

   ■ Barreiros, Jose Antonio. A Lusitania Dos Espioes. Lisbon: Hugin, 1995.

   ■. O Espiao Alemao Em Goa. Operacao Long Shanks, 1943. Lisbon, 2001.

   ■ Beevor, J. G. SOE. Recollections and Reflections 1940-45. London, 1981. Bloch, Michael. Operation Willi: The Plot to Kidnap the Duke of Windsor July 1940. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1984. Carrilho, Maria et. al., Portugal Na Segunda Guerra Mundial. Contributos para uma reavaliacao. Lisbon: Dom Quixote, 1989. Cole, Robert. Britain and the War of Words in Neutral Europe, 1939-45. New York: St. Martin's, 1990. Colvin, Ian. Flight 777. London: Evans, 1957. Dias, Mariana Tavares. Lisboa nos Anos 40. Lisbon: Quimera, 1997. Eizenstadt, Stuart E. Coord. U.S. and Allied Efforts to Recover and Restore Gold and Other Assets Stolen or Hidden by Germany during World War II. New York, 2001.

   ■ Fralon, Jose-Alain. A Good Man in Evil Times. The Story of Aristides De Sousa Mendes: The Man Who Saved the Lives of Countless Refugees in World War II. New York: Carroll & Graf, 2001.

   ■ Giraudoux, Jean. Portugal. Paris: Grasset, 1958.

   ■ Johns, Philip. Within Two Cloaks. Missions With SIS and SOE. London, 1979.

   ■ Koestler, Arthur. Arrival and Departure. London, 1943.

   ■ Leitz, Christian. Sympathy for the Devil: Neutral Portugal and Nazi Germany in World War II. New York, 2001.

   ■ Louca, Antonio. Hitler e Salazar. Comercio em tempos de Guerra 1940-1944. Lisbon, 2000.

   ■ Luca, Antonio. "Portugal's Double Game: Between the Nazis and the Allies." In Avi Beker, ed., The Plunder of Jewish Property during the Holocaust. Confronting European History. New York, 2001. MacIntyre, Ben. Agent Zigzag. New York: Harmony, 2007. Martins, Maria Joao. O Paraiso Triste. O Quotidiano em Lisboa durante a II Grande Guerra. Lisbon: Vega, 1994. Masterman, J.C. The Double-Cross System in the War of 1939 to 1945. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1972. Muggeridge, Malcolm. Chronicles of Wasted Time. Chronicle 2: The Infernal Grove. New York: William Morrow, 1974.

   ■ Nery, Julia. O Consul. Lisbon: Dom Quixote, 1991.

   ■ Pimentel, Irene Flunser. Judeus em Portugal na Segunda Guerra Mundial. Lisbon, 2006.

   ■ Popov, Dusko. Spy/ Counterspy. London, 1974.

   ■ Prokosch, Frederick. The Conspirators. New York, 1943.

   ■ Remarque, Erich Maria. The Night in Lisbon. New York, 1966.

   ■ Ribeiro, Aquilino. Volfarmio Romance. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1943.

   ■ Rosas, Fernando. Portugal entre a Paz e a Guerra. Lisbon: Estampa, 1990.

   ■ Saint-Exupery, Antoine. Wartime Writings, 1939-1944. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1986.

   ■ Teixeira, Nuno Severiano, ed. Portugal E A Guerra. Historia das Intervencoes militares portuguesas nos grandes conflitos mundiais seculos XIX e XX. Lisbon: Colibri, 1998.

   ■ Telo, Antonio Jose. Propagandal E Guerra Secreta Em Portugal 1939-45. Lisbon, 1990.

   ■. Portugal na Segunda Guerra ( 1941-1945), 2 vols. Lisbon, 1991.

   ■. Os Acores E O Controlo Do Atlantico ( 1898/ 1948). Lisbon: Ed. Asa, 1993.

   ■. A neutralidade portuguesa e o ouro nazi. Lisbon, 2000.

   ■ Vintras, R.E. The Portuguese Connection: The Secret History of the Azores Base. London: Bachman and Turner, 1974. Wheeler, Douglas L. "The Age Old Business of Espionage." 1987 World Book Year Book. Chicago, 1987.

   ■. "'In the Service of Order.' The Portuguese Political Police and the British, Germany and Spanish Intelligence [Services]." Journal of Contemporary History 36: no. 3 (Jan. 1983), 1-25.

   ■. "And Who is My Neighbor? A World War II Hero of Conscience for Portugal." Luso-Brazilian Review 23 (no. 2) (Summer 1989), 119-39.

   ■. "The Price of Neutrality: Portugal, the Wolfram Question, and World War II." Luso-Brazilian Review (Madison, WI), 23 (nos.1, 2) (Summer, 1986; Winter, 1986). 97-111; 108-127.

   ■. "Last of the Great Air Mysteries of the War [World War II]." Bridport and Lyme Regis Gazette (Dorset, U.K.), June 5, 2003, 24-25.

   ■. "Leslie Howard Helped Win World War II," St. Louis Post-Dispatch (St. Louis, Mo.), April 3, 5, 2005.

   ■ Wilson, Robert. A Small Death in Lisbon. London, 2000.

   ■. The Company Of Strangers. San Diego, 2002.

   ■ Wylie, Neville. "An Amateur Learns His Job? Special Operations Executive in Portugal, 1940-42." Journal of Contemporary History. 36: no. 3 (2001), 441-57.

   ■ The Military

   ■ Ferreira Martins, General. Historia do Exercito Portugues. Lisbon: Inquerito, 1945.

   ■ Kaulza de Arriaga, General. Guerra e Politica. Em nome da verdade. Os anos decisivos. Lisbon: Referendo, 1987.

   ■ Medeiros Ferreira, Jose. O Comportamento Politico dos Militares, Forcas Armadas e Regimes Politicos em Portugal no seculo XX. Lisbon: Estampa, 1992.

   ■ Pereira Marques, Fernando. Exercito e Sociedade em Portugal. No Declinio do Antigo Regime e advento do Liberalismo. Lisbon: Regra do Jogo, 1981.

   ■ Porch, Douglas. The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution. London: Croom Helm, 1977.

   ■ Ribeiro Dos Santos, Antonio Pedro. O Estado E A Order Publica. As Institui-coes Militares Portuguesas. Lisbon: Instituto Superior De Ciencias Sociais E Politicas, 1999.

   ■ Saraiva de Carvalho, Otelo. Alvorada em Abril. Amadora (Portugal): Bertrand, 1977.

   ■ Selvagem, Carlos. Portugal Militar. Compendio de Historia Militar e Naval de Portugal. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1931.

   ■ Spinola, Antonio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon: Arcadia, 1974.

   ■. Pais Sem Rumo. Contributo para a historia de uma Revolucao. Lisbon: Scire, 1978.

   ■ Teixeira, Nuno Severiano. Portugal e a Guerra. Historia das intervencoes militares portuguesas nos grandes conflitos mundiais do seculo XX. Lisbon: Ed. Colibri, 1999.

   ■. Coord., Nova Historia Militar de Portugal, 5 vols. Lisbon: Circulo de Leitores, 2003-.

   ■ Valente, Vasco Pulido. O Poder e o Povo. A Revolucao de 1910. Lisbon: Moraes, 1976, 1982.

   ■ Wheeler, Douglas L. Republican Portugal: A Political History ( 1910-1926). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978, 1998.

   ■. A Ditadura Militar Portuguesa ( 1926-1933). Mem Martins: Europa- America, 1988.

   ■. "The Military and the Portuguese Dictatorship, 1926-1974: "The Honor of the Army." In Lawrence S. Graham and Harry M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents. 191-219. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■ Government and Politics since 1974

   ■ Aguiar, Joaquim. "Hidden Fluidity in an Ultra-Stable Party System." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 101-27. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Braga da Cruz, Manuel, ed. Sistema Eleitoral Portugües: Debate Político e Parlamentar. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional/ Casa da Moeda, 1998.

   ■, ed. "Portugal Político 25 Anos Depois." In Análise Social XXXV, 154/155 (Summer, 2000): 1-404.

   ■ Bruneau, Thomas C., and Alex Macleod. Politics in Contemporary Portugal: Parties and the Consolidation of Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1986.

   ■ Bruneau, Thomas C., ed. Political Parties and Democracy in Portugal. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1997. Carlucci, Frank. "Confiei no Povo Portugues." Visao (Lisbon), April 10, 1997, 46-47.

   ■. "The View from the U.S. Embassy." In Hans Binnendijk, ed., Authoritarian Regimes in Transition. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of State, Foreign Service Institute, Center for the Study of Foreign Affairs, 1987.

   ■ Coelho, Mário Baptista, ed. Portugal. O Sistema Política a Constitucional, 1974-87. Lisbon: Instituto de Ciências Sociais, UNL, 1989.

   ■ Costa Pinto, Antonio. "Settling Accounts with the Past in a Troubled Transition to Democracy: The Portuguese Case." In Alexandra Barahona De Brito, Carmen Gonzalez-Enriquez, and Paloma Aguilar, eds., The Politics of Memory: Transitional Justice in Democratizing Societies, 65-91. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

   ■ Cruzeiro, Maria Manuela. Costa Gomes-o Ultimo Marechal. Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 1998.

   ■ Domingos, Emídio Da Veiga. Portugal Político. Análise das Instituiçoes. Lisbon, 1989.

   ■ Goldey, David. "Elections and the Consolidation of Portuguese Democracy: 1974-1983." Electoral Studies 2, 3 (1983): 229-40.

   ■ Graham, Lawrence S. "Institutionalizing Democracy: Governance in Post-1974 Portugal." In Ali Farazmand, ed., Handbook of Comparative and Development Public Administration, 81-90. New York: Dekker, 1991.

   ■, and Douglas L. Wheeler, eds. In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Gunther, Richard. "Spain and Portugal." In G. A. Dorfman and P. J. Duignan, eds., Politics in Western Europe, 186-236. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1988.

   ■ Magone, José Maria. European Portugal: The Difficult Road to Sustainable Democracy. Basingstoke, U.K.: Macmillan, 1997.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth. The Making of Portuguese Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

   ■, ed. Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth R., and Scott C. Monje, eds. Portugal: The Constitution and the Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-1989. New York: Camões Center, RIIC, Camões Center Special Report No. 2, Columbia University, 1991.

   ■ Opello, Walter C., Jr. "The New Parliament in Portugal." Legislative Studies Quarterly, 3 (May 1978): 309-334.

   ■. "Local Government and Political Culture in a Portuguese Rural County." Comparative Politics 13 (April 1981): 271-89.

   ■. "Portugal's Administrative Elite: Social Origins and Political Attitudes." West European Politics 6 (Jan. 1983): 63-74.

   ■. Portugal's Political Development: A Comparative Approach. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1985.

   ■ Pinto Balsemão, Francisco. "The Constitution and Politics: Options for the Future." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 197-232. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Sartori, Giovanni. "Portugal." In Sartori, G, ed., Parties and Party Systems. Vol. 1, 131-45. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976. Secretary of State for Mass Communications. Constitution of the Portuguese Republic [1976]. Lisbon, 1977.

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   ■. Ascensao, Apogeu e Queda do MFA, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Alves, Márcio Moreira. Les Soldats Socialistes du Portugal. Paris: Gallimard, 1975.

   ■ Antunes, José Freire. Sá Carneiro: Um Meteoro Nos Anos Setenta. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■. O Segredo do 25 de Novembro. Mem Martins, 1983.

   ■ Arouca, Manuel. Os Filhos Da Costa Do Sol. Mem Martins, 1989. Audibert, Pierre, and Daniel Brignon. Portugal: Les nouveaux centurions. Paris, 1974.

   ■ Baptista, Jacinto. Caminhos para uma revolução. Lisbon, 1975. Barreto, Antônio. Memórias da Reforma Agrária. Mem Martins: Europa-Amé-rica, 1983.

   ■, and C. V. Preto, eds. A Situação Social em Portugal, 1960-1996. Lisbon: Instituto de Ciências Sociais, 1996.

   ■ Bermeo, Nancy Gina. "Worker Management in Industry: Reconciling Representative Government and Industrial Democracy in a Polarized Society." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 181-98. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■. The Revolution within the Revolution: Workers' Control in Rural Portugal. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986.

   ■ Braeckman, Colette. Portugal: Revolution surveilée. Brussels: Rossei, 1975.

   ■ Braga da Cruz, Manuel. "O Presidente da República na génese e evolução do sistema de governor portugües." Análise social XXIX, 125-26 (1994): 237-65.

   ■, coord. "Portugal Político 25 Anos Depois." Análise Social XXXV, 154/155 (Summer 2000): 1-404. Bruneau, Thomas C. "Popular Support for Democracy in Post-revolutionary Portugal: Results from a Survey." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 21-42. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■. Politics and Nationhood: Post-Revolutionary Portugal. New York: Praeger, 1984.

   ■. "Portugal Fifteen Years after the April Revolution." Field Staff Reports ( 1989-90/ No. 1, Europe), 3-11. Indianapolis, Ind.: Universities Field Staff International, 1990.

   ■, and Alex Macleod. Politics in Contemporary Portugal: Parties and the Consolidation of Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1986.

   ■ Carvalho, Ortelo Saraiva de. Cinco Meses Mudaram Portugal. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■. Alvorada em Abril. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Cid, Augusto. PREC-Processo Revolucionário Eventualmente Chocante. Viseu, 1977.

   ■ Costa Lobo, Marina, and Pedro C. Magalhaes. "From 'Third Wave' to 'Third Way': Europe and the Portuguese Socialists (1975-1999)," Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans 3, no. 1 (2001), 25-35.

   ■ Costa Pinto, Antônio, ed. Modern Portugal. Palo Alto, Calif.: SPOSS, 1998.

   ■, and Nuno Severiano Teixeira, eds. Southern Europe and the Making of the European Union. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 2002.

   ■ Cunhal, Alvaro. A Revolução Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Dias, Eduardo Mayone. Portugal's Secret Jews: The End of an Era. Rumford, R.I.: Peregrinação Publications, 1999.

   ■ Downs, Charles. "Comissões de Moradores and Urban Struggles in Revolutionary Portugal." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 4 (1986): 267-94.

   ■. Revolution at the Grassroots: Community Organizations in the Portuguese Revolution. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989.

   ■ Dufour, Jean-Marc. Prague sur Tage. Paris, 1975.

   ■ Durão Barroso, José. Le systémepolitiqueportugais face à l'intégration euro-péenne. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■ Eisfeid, Rainer. "Portugal: What Role/What Future?" In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal Ten Years after the Revolution. New York: RIIC, Columbia University, 1984.

   ■. Sozialistischer Pluralismus in Europa: Ansãtze und Scheitern am Beispiel Portugal. Cologne: Verlag Wissenchaft ünd Politik, 1985.

   ■. "Portugal and Western Europe." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 29-62. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Farinha, Luis. "Regresso a Europa. Uma opcao feliz." Historia. XXIX; 95, III series (March 2007), 23-33.

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   ■ Gama, Jaime. Política Externa Portuguesa 1983-85: Ministério dos Negôcios Estrangeiros. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■. "Preface." In J. Calvet de Magalhães, A. de Vasconcelos, and J. Ramos Silva, eds., Portugal: An Atlantic Paradox, 9-11. Lisbon, 1990. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino. As Eleições De 25 De Abril: Geografia E Imagem Dos Partidos. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■. "10 Anos de Democracia: Reflexos na geografia política." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opelio, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal 1974-1984/ Conflitos e Mudanças em Portugal, 1974-1984, 135-55. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■, et al. As Eleições para assembleia da república, 1979-1983: Estudos de geografia eleitoral. Lisbon, 1984. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino, eds. Portugal em mapas e em números. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Giaccone, Fausto. Una Storia Portoghese/ Uma História Portuguesa. Palermo: Randazzo Focus, 1987.

   ■ Gladdish, Ken. "Portugal: An Open Verdict." In Geoffrey Pridham, ed. Securing Democracy: Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in Southern Europe, 104-25. London and New York: Routledge, 1990.

   ■ Graham, Lawrence S. The Decline and Collapse of an Authoritarian Order. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1975.

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   ■ Grayson, George W. "Portugal and the Armed Forces Movement." Orbis XIX, 2 (Summer 1975): 335-78.

   ■ Green, Gil. Portugal's Revolution. New York: International, 1976.

   ■ Hammond, John L. Building Popular Power: Workers' and Neighborhood Movements in the Portuguese Revolution. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1988.

   ■ Harsgor, Michael. Naissance d'un Nouveau Portugal. Paris: Ed. du Seuil, 1975.

   ■. Portugal in Revolution. Washington, D.C.: CSIS and Sage, 1976.

   ■ Harvey, Robert. Portugal, Birth of a Democracy. London: Macmillan, 1978.

   ■ Herr, Richard, ed. Portugal: The Long Road to Democracy and Europe. Berkeley, Calif.: International and Area Studies, 1992.

   ■ Insight Team of the Sunday [London] Times. Insight on Portugal: The Year of the Captains. London: Deutsch, 1975.

   ■ Janitschek, Hans. Mario Soares: Portrait of a Hero. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1985.

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   ■ Lauré, Jason, and Ettagal Lauré. Jovem Portugal: After the Revolution. New York: Straus, Farrar and Giroux, 1977.

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   ■ Lucena, Manuel. Evolução e Instituições: A Extinção dos Grémios da Lavoura Alentejanos. Mem Martins, 1984.

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   ■ Sa, Tiago Moreira de. Os Americanos na Revolucao Portuguesa ( 1974-1976). Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 2004.

   ■ Sá Carneiro, Francisco. Por Uma Social-Democracia Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Sanches Osôrio, Helena. Um Só Rosto. Uma Só Fé. Conversas Com Adelino Da Palma Carlos. Lisbon, 1988. Sanches Osôrio, J. The Betrayal of the 25th of April in Portugal. Madrid: Sedmay, 1975.

   ■ Schmitter, Philippe C. "Liberation by Golpe: Retrospective Thoughts on the Demise of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal." Armed Forces and Society 2 (1974): 5-33.

   ■. "An Introduction to Southern European Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Turkey." In G. O'Donnell,

   ■ P. C. Schmitter, and L. Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, 3-10. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.

   ■ Silva, Fernando Dioga da. "Uma Administração Envelhecido." Revista da Ad-ministraçao Pública 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1979).

   ■ Simões, Martinho, ed. Relatório Do 25 De Novembro: Texto Integral, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Soares, Isabel, ed. Mário Soares: O homem e o político. Lisbon, 1976. Soares, Mário. Democratização e Descolonização: Dez meses no Governo Provisório. Lisbon, 1975. Sobel, Lester A., ed. Portuguese Revolution, 1974-1976. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1976.

   ■ Spínola, Antônio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■. País Sem Rumo: Contributo para a História de uma Revolução. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Stock, Maria José. Os Partidos do Poder: Dez Anos Depois do " 25 De Abril." Evora, 1986.

   ■ Story, Jonathan. "Portugal's Revolution of Carnations: Patterns of Change and Continuity." International Affairs 52 (July 1976): 417-34. Sweezey, Paul. "Class Struggles in Portugal." Monthly Review 27, 4 (Sept. 1975): 1-26.

   ■ Szulc, Tad. "Lisbon and Washington: Behind Portugal's Revolution." Foreign Policy 21 (Winter 1975-76): 3-62. Tavares de Almeida, Antônio. Balsemão: O retrato. Lisbon, 1981. "Vasco." Desenhos Políticos. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■ Vasconcelos, Alvaro. "Portugal in Atlantic-Mediterranean Security." In Douglas T. Stuart, ed., Politics and Security in the Southern Region of the Atlantic Alliance, 117-36. London: Macmillan, 1988.

   ■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "Golpes militares e golpes literários. A literatura do golpe de 25 de Abril de 1974 em contexto histôrico." Penélope. Fazer E Desfazer A História, 19-20 (1998): 191-212.

   ■. "Tributo ao Historiador dos Historiadores. Memorias de A.H.de Oliveira Marques (1933-2007)," Historia XXIX, 95, III series (March 2007), 18-22.

   ■ Wiarda, Howard J. Transcending Corporatism? The Portuguese Corporative System and the Revolution of 1974. Columbia: Institute of International Studies, University of South Carolina, 1976.

   ■. The Transition to Democracy in Spain and Portugal. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1989. Wise, Audrey. Eyewitness in Revolutionary Portugal. With a Preface by Judith Hart, MP. London: Spokesman, 1975.

   ■ PHYSICAL FEATURES: GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, FAUNA, AND FLORA

   ■ Birot, Pierre. Le Portugal: Étude de géographie régionale. Paris, 1950.

   ■ Embleton, Clifford. Geomorphology of Europe. London: Macmillan, 1984.

   ■ Girão, Aristides de Amorim. Divisão regional, divisão agrícola e divisão administrativa. Coimbra, 1932.

   ■. Condições geográficos e históricas de autonomia política de Portugal. Coimbra, 1935.

   ■. Atlas de Portugal, 2nd ed. Coimbra, 1958.

   ■ Ribeiro, Orlando. Portugal, O Mediterrâneo e o Altântico. Coimbra, 1945 and later eds.

   ■. Portugal. Volume V of Geografia de Espana y Portugal. Barcelona, 1955.

   ■. Ensaios de Geografia Humana e regio nal. Lisbon, 1970.

   ■. A geografia e a divisão regional do país. Lisbon, 1970.

   ■ Stanislawski, Dan. The Individuality of Portugal. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1959.

   ■. Portugal's Other Kingdom: The Algarve. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1963.

   ■ Taylor, Albert William. Wild Flowers of Spain and Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1972.

   ■ Way, Ruth, and Margaret Simmons. A Geography of Spain and Portugal. London: Methuen, 1962.

   ■ ARCHAEOLOGY AND PREHISTORY

   ■ "Actas do Colóquio Inter-Universitário do Noroeste Peninsular (Porto-Baião, 1988), vol. II, Proto-História, romanização e Idade Média." In Trabalhos de antropologia e etnologia. 28, 3-4 (1988).

   ■ Alarcão, Jorge de, ed. "Do Paleolítico va arte visigótica." Vol. 1, História da

   ■ Arte em Portugal. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.

   ■. Roman Portugal, 3 vols. Warminister, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.

   ■. Portugal Das Orígens A Romanização. Vol. I. In J. Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova História de Portugal. Lisbon: Presença, 1990. Anderson, James M., and M. S. Lea. Portugal 1001 Sights: An Archaeological and Historical Guide. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary and Robert Hale, 1994.

   ■ Balmuth, Miriam S., Antonio Gilman, and Lourdes Prados-Torreira, eds. Encounters and Transformations: The Archaeology of Iberia in Transition. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology, no. 7. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997.

   ■ Beirão, C. M. M. Une civilization protohistorique du Sud au Portugal ( 1er Age du Fer). Paris: D. Boccard, 1986.

   ■ Cardoso, João Luís, Santinho A. Cunha, and Delberto Aguiar. O Homem Pre-Histórico no Concelho de Oeiras. Oeiras, Portugal: Estudos Arquelógicos de Oeiras, 1991.

   ■ Harrison, Richard J. The Bell Beaker Cultures of Spain and Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977.

   ■ Mangas, Júlio, ed. Hispania epigraphica. Madrid, 1989.

   ■ Maloney, Stephanie J. "The Villa of Toerre de Palma, Portugal: Archaeology and Preservation." Portuguese Studies Review VIII, 1 (Fall-Winter, 1999-2000): 14-28.

   ■ Savory, H. N. Spain and Portugal: The Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. London, 1968.

   ■ Silva, A. C. F. A cultura castreja no Noroeste de Portugal. Paços de Ferreira:

   ■ Museu da Citânia de Sanfins, 1986. Straus, L. G. Iberia before the Iberians. Albuquerque, N.M., 1992.

   ■ FOREIGN TRAVELERS AND RESIDENTS' ACCOUNTS

   ■ Andersen, Hans Christian. A Visit to Portugal 1866. London: Peter Owen, 1972.

   ■ Beckford, William. Italy, with Sketches of Spain and Portugal. Paris: Baudry's European Library, 1834.

   ■. The Journal of William Beckford in Portugal and Spain 1787-1788.

   ■ Boyd Alexander, ed. London: Hart-Davies, 1954.

   ■. Recollections of an Excursion to the Monasteries of Alcoboca and Batalha. Fontwell, U.K.: Centaur Press, 1972.

   ■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. In Portugal. London: Bodley Head, 1912.

   ■ Borrow, George. The Bible in Spain, 2 vols. London: Constable, 1923 ed.

   ■ Chaves, Castelo Branco. Os livros de viagens em Portugal no século XVIII e a sua projecção europeia. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Costigan, Arthur William. Sketches of Society and Manners in Portugal. London: T. Vernon, 1787.

   ■ Crawfurd, Oswald. Portugal Old and New. London: Kegan, Paul, 1880.

   ■. Round the Calendar in Portugal. London: Chapman & Hall, 1890.

   ■ Darymple, William. Travels through Spain and Portugal in 1774. London: J. Almon, 1777.

   ■ Dumouriez, Charles Francois Duperrier. An Account of Portugal as It Appeared in 1766. London: C. Law, 1797.

   ■ Fielding, Henry. Jonathan Wild and the Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon. London: J. M. Dent, 1932.

   ■ Fullerton, Alice. To Portugal for Pleasure. London: Grafton, 1945.

   ■ Gibbons, John. I Gathered No Moss. London: Robert Hale, 1939.

   ■ Gordon, Jan, and Cora Gordon. Portuguese Somersault. London: Harrap, 1934.

   ■ Hewitt, Richard. A Cottage in Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.

   ■ Huggett, Frank. South of Lisbon: Winter Travels in Southern Portugal. London: Gollancz, 1960.

   ■ Hume, Martin. Through Portugal. London: Richards, 1907.

   ■ Hyland, Paul. Backwards Out of the Big World: A Voyage into Portugal. Hammersmith, U.K.: HarperCollins, 1996.

   ■ Jackson, Catherine Charlotte, Lady. Fair Lusitania. London: Bentley, 1874.

   ■ Kelly, Marie Node. This Delicious Land Portugal. London: Hutchinson, 1956.

   ■ Kempner, Mary Jean. Invitation to Portugal. New York: Athenaeum, 1969.

   ■ Kingston, William H. G. Lusitanian Sketches of the Pen and Pencil. 2 vol. London: Parker, 1845.

   ■ Landmann, George. Historical, Military and Picturesque Observations on Portugal. 2 vol. London: Cadell and Davies, 1818.

   ■ Latouche, John [Pseudonym of Oswald Crawfurd]. Travels in Portugal. London: Ward, Lock & Taylor, ca. 1874.

   ■ Link, Henry Frederick. Travels in Portugal and France and Spain. London: Longman & Rees, 1801.

   ■ Macauley, Rose. They Went to Portugal. London: Jonathan Cape, 1946.

   ■. They Went to Portugal, Too. Manchester: Carcanet Books, 1990.

   ■ Merle, Iris. Portuguese Panorama. London: Ouzel, 1958.

   ■ Murphy, J. C. Travels in Portugal. London: 1795.

   ■ Proper, Datus C. The Last Old Place: A Search through Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.

   ■ Quillinan, Dorothy [Wordsworth]. Journal of a Few Months in Portugal with Glimpses of the South of Spain. 2 vol. London: Moxon, 1847. Sitwell, Sacheverell. Portugal and Madeira. London: Batsford, 1954. Smith, Karine R. Until Tomorrow: Azores and Portugal. Snohomish, Wash.: Snohomish Publishing, 1978. Southey, Robert. Journals of a Residence in Portugal, 1800-1801 and a Visit to France, 1838. London and New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1912. Thomas, Gordon Kent. Lord Byron's Iberian Pilgrimage. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1983. Twiss, Richard. Travels through Portugal and Spain in 1772-1773. London, 1775.

   ■ Watson, Gilbert. Sunshine and Sentiment in Portugal. London: Arnold, 1904. Wheeler, Douglas L. "A[n American] Fulbrighter in Lisbon, Portugal, 196162." Portuguese Studies Review 1 (1991): 9-16.

   ■ PORTUGUESE CARTOGRAPHY, DISCOVERIES, AND NAVIGATION

   ■ Albuquerque, Luís de. Curso de História de Naútica. Coimbra, 1972.

   ■. Introdução a história dos descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Mem Martins, 1983.

   ■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon: Alfa, 1983.

   ■. Navegadores, viajantes e adventureiros portugueses: Séculos XV e XVI. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■. Portuguese Books on Nautical Science from Pedro Nunes to 1650. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Boorstin, Daniel. The Discoverers. New York: Random House, 1983. Boxer, C. R. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825. London: Hutchinson, 1969.

   ■ Brazão, Eduardo. La découverte de Terre-Neuve. Montreal: Les Presses de l'Université, 1964.

   ■. "Les Corte-Real et le Nouveau Monde." Revue d'histoire d'Amérique Française 19, 1 (1965): 335-49. Cortesão, Armando, and Avelino Teixeira de Mota. Cartografia Portuguesa Antiga. Lisbon, 1960.

   ■. Portugalia Monumenta Cartográfica, 6 vols. Lisbon, 1960-62.

   ■. História da Cartografia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Coimbra, 1969-70.

   ■ Cortesão, Jaime. L'expansion des portugais dans l'historie de la civilisation. Brussels, 1930.

   ■. Os descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. V. Magalhães Godinho and Joel Serrão, eds. Lisbon, 1960.

   ■. A expansão dos Portugueses no período henriquinho. Lisbon, 1965.

   ■. Descobrimentos precolombanos dos portugueses. Lisbon, 1966.

   ■ Costa, Abel Fontoura da. A Marinharia dos Descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1960.

   ■ Costa Brochado, Idalino F. Descobrimento do Atlântico. Lisbon, 1958. English ed., 1959-60.

   ■ Coutinho, Admiral Gago. A naútica dos descobrimentos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1951-52.

   ■ Crone, G. R. Maps and Their Makers. New York: Capricorn Books, 1966.

   ■ Dias, José S. da Silva. Os descobrimentos e a problemática cultural do Século XVI, 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■ Disney, Anthony, and Emily Booth, eds. Vasco Da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000.

   ■ Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães, ed. Documentos sobre a expansão portuguesa [ to 1460], 3 vols. Lisbon, 1945-54.

   ■ Guedes, Max, and Gerald Lombardi, eds. Portugal. Brazil: The Age of Atlantic Discoveries. Lisbon: Bertrand; Milan: Ricci; Brazilian Culture Foundation, 1990. [Catalogue of New York Public Library Exhibit, Summer 1990]

   ■ Harley, J. B., and David Woodward. The History of Cartography. Volume 1: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient and Medieval Europe and Mediterranean. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.

   ■ Leite, Duarte. História dos Descobrimentos: Colectânea de esparsos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1958-61.

   ■ Ley, Charles. Portuguese Voyages, 1498-1663. London: Dent, 1953.

   ■ Marques, J. Martins da Silva. Descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1944-71.

   ■ Martyn, John R. C., ed. Pedro Nunes ( 1502-1578): His Lost Algebra and Other Discoveries. John R. C. Martyn, trans. New York: Peter Lang, 1996.

   ■ Morison, Samuel Eliot. The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages, A. D. 500-1600. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.

   ■. Portuguese Voyages to America in the Fifteenth Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974.

   ■ Mota, Avelino Teixeira da. Mar, Além-Mar-Estudos e Ensaios de História e Geografia. Lisbon, 1972.

   ■ Nemésio, Vitorino. Vida e Obra do Infante D. Henrique. Lisbon, 1959.

   ■ Parry, J. H. The Discovery of the Sea. New York: Dial, 1974.

   ■ Penrose, Boies. Travel and Discovery in the Renaissance, 1420-1620. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1952.

   ■ Peres, Damião. História dos Descobrimentos Portugueses. Oporto, 1943.

   ■ Prestage, Edgar. The Portuguese Pioneers. London, 1933; New York: Barnes & Noble, 1967.

   ■ Rogers, Francis M. Precision Astrolabe: Portuguese Navigators and Transoceanic Aviation. Lisbon, 1971.

   ■ Seary, E. R. "The Portuguese Element in the Place Names of Newfoundland." In Luís Albuquerque, ed., Vice-Almirante A. Teixeira da Mota: In Memo-riam. Vol. II, 359-64. Lisbon: Academia da Marinha, 1989.

   ■ Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

   ■ Velho, Alvaro. Roteiro ( Navigator's Route) da Primeira Viagem de Vasco da Gama ( 1497-1499). Lisbon, 1960.

   ■ Winius, George, ed. Portugal, the Pathfinder: Journeys from the Medieval toward the Modern World 1300-ca. 1600. Madison, Wisc.: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, 1995.

   ■ PORTUGAL AND HER OVERSEAS EMPIRES (1415-1975)

   ■ Abshire, David M., and Michael A. Samuels, eds. Portuguese Africa: A Handbook. New York: Praeger, 1969.

   ■ Afonso, Aniceto, and Carlos de Matos Gomes. Guerra Colonial. Lisbon: Noticias, 2001.

   ■ Albuquerque, J. Moushino de. Moçambique. Lisbon, 1898.

   ■ Alden, Dauril. The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire & Beyond. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1995.

   ■ Alexandre, Valentim. Orígens do Colonialismo Português Moderno ( 18221891). Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1979.

   ■. Velho Brasil, Novas Africas: Portugal e o Império ( 1808-1975). Oporto: Afrontamento, 2000.

   ■, and Jill Dias, eds. "O Império Africano 1825-1890. Volume X." In J.

   ■ Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds., Nova História Da Expansão Portuguesa. Lisbon: Estampa, 1998.

   ■ Ames, Glen J. "The Carreira da India, 1668-1682: Maritime Enterprise and the Quest for Stability in Portugal's Asian Empire." Journal of European Economic History 20, 1 (1991): 7-28.

   ■. Renascent Empire? The House of Braganza and the Quest for Stability in Portuguese Monsoon Asia, ca. 1640-1683. Amsterdam: Amsterdam Univ.Press, 2000.

   ■. Vasco da Gama. Renaissance Crusader. New York: Pearson/Longman, 2005.

   ■ Antunes, José Freire. O Império com Pés de Barro: Colonizaçao e Descolonização: As Ideologias em Portugal. Lisbon: D. Quixote, 1980.

   ■. O Factor Africano 1890-1990. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1990.

   ■. A Guerra De Africa 1961-1974, 2 vols. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1995-96.

   ■. Jorge Jardim: Agente Secreto 1919-1982. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1996.

   ■ Axelson, Eric A. South-East Africa, 1488-1530. London: Longmans, 1940.

   ■. "Prince Henry and the Discovery of the Sea Route to India." Geographical Journal (U.K.) 127, 2 (June 1961): 145-58.

   ■. Portugal and the Scramble for Africa, 1875-1891. Johannesburg: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1967.

   ■. Portuguese in South-East Africa, 1488-1699. Cape Town: Struik, 1973.

   ■. Congo to Cape: Early Portuguese Explorers. New York: Harper & Row, 1974.

   ■ Azevedo, Mário. Historical Dictionary of Mozambique, 2nd ed. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2003.

   ■ Baião, António, Hernãni Cidade, and Manuel Murias, eds. História da Expansão Portuguesa no Mundo, 4 vols. Lisbon, 1937-40.

   ■ Bender, Gerald J. "The Limits of Counterinsurgency [in the Angolan War, 1961-72]." Comparative Politics (1972): 331-60.

   ■. Angola under the Portuguese: The Myth Versus Reality. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978.

   ■ Bhíla, H. H. K. Trade and Politics in a Shona Kingdom: The Manyika and Their Portuguese and African Neighbours, 1875-1902. Harlow, U.K.: Longman, 1990.

   ■ Birmingham, David. The Portuguese Conquest of Angola. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965.

   ■. Trade and Conflict in Angola. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966.

   ■. Frontline Nationalism in Angola & Mozambique. London: James Currey, 1992.

   ■. Portugal and Africa. New York: St. Martins, 1999.

   ■ Bottineau, Yves. Le Portugal Et Sa Vocation Maritime. Paris: Boccard, 1977. Boxer, C. R. Fidalgos in the Far East— Fact and Fancy in the History of Macau. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1948. ———. The Christian Century in Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1951.

   ■ ———. Salvador de Sá and the Struggle for Brazil and Angola, 1602-1688. London, 1952.

   ■ ———. Four Centuries of Portuguese Expansion, 1415-1825: A Succinct Survey. Johannesburg: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1961.

   ■ ———. The Golden Age of Brazil, 1695-1750. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962.

   ■ ———. Race Relations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire, 1415-1825. Oxford:

   ■ Clarendon Press, 1963. ———. Portuguese Society in the Tropics. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1965.

   ■ ———. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415-1825. London: Hutchi nson, 1969.

   ■ ———, and Carlos de Azevedo, eds. Fort Jesus and the Portuguese in Mombasa. London: Hollis and Carter, 1960.

   ■ Broadhead, Susan H. Historical Dictionary of Angola, 2nd ed. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1992.

   ■ Burton, Richard. Goa and the Blue Mountains. London: Bentley, 1851.

   ■ Cabral, Luís. Crónica da Libertação. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■ Caetano, Marcello. Colonizing Traditions, Principles and Methods of the Portuguese. Lisbon, 1951.

   ■ ———. Portugal E A Internacionalização Dos Problemas Africanos, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1965.

   ■ Cann, John P. Counterinsurgency in Africa: The Portuguese Way of War, 1961-1974. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1997. Castelo, Claudia. " O modo portugues de estar no mundo." O luso-tropicalismo e a ideologia colonial portuguesa ( 1931-1961). Oporto: Afrontamento, 1998. Castro, Armando. O Sistema Colonial Português em Africa ( meados do Século XX). Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Chaliand, Gerard. "The Independence of Guinea-Bissau and the Heritage of [Amilcar] Cabral." In Revolution in the Third World. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1978.

   ■ Chilcote, Ronald H. Portuguese Africa. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1967.

   ■ Clarence-Smith, Gervase. Slaves, Peasants and Capitalists in Southern Angola 1840-1926. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

   ■ ———. The Third Portuguese Empire 1825-1975: A Study in Economic Imperialism. Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 1985.

   ■ Coates, Timothy J. Convicts and Orphans: Forced and State-Sponsored Colonizers in the Portuguese Empire, 1550-1720. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2001.

   ■ Davies, Shann. Macau. Singapore: Times Editions, 1986.

   ■ Dias, C. Malheiro, ed. História da colonização portuguesa no Brasil, 3 vols. Oporto, 1921-24.

   ■ Diffie, Bailey W., and George Winius. Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415-1580. Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press, 1977.

   ■ Disney, Anthony R. Twilight of the Pepper Empire: Portuguese Trade in Southwest India in the Early Seventeenth Century. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978.

   ■ ———, and Emily Booth, eds. Vasco Da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000.

   ■ Duffy, James. Shipwreck and Empire: Being an Account of Portuguese Maritime Disaster in a Century of Decline. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1955.

   ■ ———. Portuguese Africa. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1959. ———. Portugal in Africa. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1962.

   ■. "The Portuguese Territories." In Colin Legum, ed., Africa: A Handbook to the Continent. New York: Holmes & Meier, 1967. ———. A Question of Slavery. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967. Felgas, Hélio. História do Congo Português. Carmona, Angola, 1958. ———. Guerra em Angola. Lisbon, 1961.

   ■ Galvão, Henrique, and Carlos Selvagam. O Império Ultramarino Português, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1953.

   ■ Gleijeses, Piero. Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington and Africa, 19591976. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.

   ■ Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães. "Portugal and Her Empire." In The New Cambridge Modern History. Vol. V (1961): 384-97; Vol. VI (1963): 509-TO.

   ■ Grenfell, F. James. História da Igreja Baptista em Angola, 1879-1975. Queluz, Portugal: Núcleo, 1998.

   ■ Hammond, Richard J. "Economic Imperialism: Sidelights on a Stereotype." Journal of Economic History XXI, 4 (1961): 582-98.

   ■ ———. Portugal and Africa, 1815-1910: A Study in Uneconomic Imperialism. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1966.

   ■ Hanson, Carl. Portugal and the Wider World 1147-1497. New Orleans, La.: University Press of the South, 2001.

   ■ Harris, Marvin. Portugal's African Wards. New York: American Committee on Africa, 1957.

   ■ ———. "Portugal's Contribution to the Underdevelopment of Africa and Brazil." In Ronald H. Chilcote, ed., Protest & Resistance in Angola & Brazil: Comparative Studies, 209-23. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.

   ■ Henderson, Lawrence W. Angola: Five Centuries of Conflict. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1979. ———. A Igreja Em Angola. Lisbon: Edit. Além-Mar, 1990. Heywood, Linda. Contested Power in Angola 1840s to the Present. Rochester, N.Y.: University of Rochester Press, 2000.

   ■ Hilton, Anne. The Kingdom of Kongo. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985.

   ■ Hower, Alfred, and Richard Preto-Rodas, eds. Empire in Transition: The Portuguese World in the Time of Camões. Gainesville: University Presses of Florida, 1985.

   ■ Isaacman, Allen. "The Prazos da Coroa 1752-1830: A Functional Analysis of the Political System." STUDIA (Lisbon) 26 (1969): 149-78.

   ■. Mozambique: The Africanization of a European Institution: The Zambezi Prazos, 1750-1902. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1972.

   ■ ———. The Tradition of Resistance in Mozambique: Anti-Colonial Activity in the Zambesi Valley 1850-1921. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976.

   ■ James, Martin. Historical Dictionary of Angola, 3rd ed. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2004.

   ■ Jardim, Jorge. Sanctions Double-Cross: Oil to Rhodesia. Lisbon, 1978. Johnson, Harold, and Maria Beatriz Nizza da Silva. O Império Luso-Brasileiro 1500-1620. Volume VI. In J. Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova História Da Expansão Portuguesa. Lisbon: Estampa, 1992. Joliffe, Jill. East Timor: Nationalism & Colonialism. University of Queensland Press, 1978.

   ■ Kea, Ray A. Settlements, Trade and Politics in the Seventeenth Century Gold Coast. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982.

   ■ Kohen, Arnold. From the Place of the Dead. The Epic Struggles of Bishop Belo of East Timor. New York: St Martins, 1999.

   ■ Livingstone, Charles, and David Livingstone. Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambezi and Its Tributaries. New York: 1866.

   ■ Livingstone, David. Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa. London, 1857.

   ■ Lobban, Richard, and Joshua Forrest. Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, 3rd ed. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 1996. Lobban, Richard, and Marilyn Halter. Historical Dictionary of Cape Verde, 3rd ed. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 1993. Martino, Antonio M. Joao de Azevedo Coutinho. Marinheiro e soldado de Portugal. Lisbon: Colibri, 2002. Martins, Rocha. História das Colónias Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1933. Marvaud, Angel. Le Portugal et Ses Colonies. Paris, 1912. Mason, Philip, ed. Angola: A Symposium; Views of a Revolt. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961. Melo, João de, ed. Os Anos Da Guerra 1961-1975: Os Portugueses em Africa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1988. Miller, Joseph C. Way of Death: Merchant Capitalism and the Angolan Slave Trade, 1730-1830. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988.

   ■ Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Portugal. Vinte Anos de Defesa do Estado Português de India. Lisbon, 1967.

   ■. Portugal Replies in the United Nations. Lisbon, 1970.

   ■ Mondlane, Eduardo. The Struggle for Mozambique. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1969.

   ■ Moreira, Adriano. Política Ultramarina. Lisbon, 1956.

   ■. Portugal's Stand in Africa. New York: University Publishers, 1962.

   ■, and Jose Carlos Venancio. Eds. Luso-Tropicalismo. Uma Teoria Social em Questao. Lisbon: Vega, 2000.

   ■ Múrias, Manuel, ed. História da expansão portuguesa no mundo, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1937-42.

   ■. Short History of Portuguese Colonization. Lisbon, 1940.

   ■ Newitt, Malyn. Portuguese Settlement on the Zambesi: Exploration, Land Tenure and Colonial Rule in East Africa. New York: Holmes & Meier, 1973.

   ■. Portugal in Africa: The Last Hundred Years. London: Longmans, 1981.

   ■. A History of Mozambique. London: Hurst, 1995.

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   ■. "19th Century: Anglo-Portuguese Alliance and the Scramble for Africa." In BBC, 600 Years of Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, 40-43. London: BBC, 1973.

   ■. "The Price of Neutrality: Portugal, the Wolfram Question and World War II." Luso-Brazilian Review (Madison, Wisc.) 34, 1, 2 (Summer 1986; Winter 1986): 107-27; 97-111.

   ■ Wordsworth, William. William Wordsworth's Convention of Cintra: A Facsimile of the 1809 Tract [Introduction by Gordon Kent Thomas]. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1983.

   ■ Young, George. Portugal Old and Young. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1917.

   ■ ANTHROPOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY, RURAL AND URBAN SOCIETY

   ■ Almeida, Miguel Vale de. The Hegemonic Male: Masculinity in a Portuguese Town. Oxford: Berghan, 1996.

   ■ Black, Richard. Crisis and Change in Rural Europe: Agricultural Development in the Portuguese Mountains. Aldershot, U.K.: Avebury and Ashgate, 1992.

   ■ Brettell, Caroline B. Men Who Migrate, Women Who Wait: Population and History in a Portuguese Parish. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986.

   ■. "The Absence of Men." Natural History 96, 2 (Feb. 1987): 52-61.

   ■. "The Portuguese." In Encyclopedia of World Cultures. New Haven, Conn.: Human Relations Area Files, 1990.

   ■. "The Priest and His People: The Contractual Basis for Religious Practice in Rural Portugal." In Ellen Badone, ed., Religious Orthodoxy and Popular Faith in European Society, 55-75. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990.

   ■ Brogger, Jan. Pre-bureaucratic Europeans: A Study of a Portuguese Fishing Community. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989. Cabral, Manuel Villaverde. "Portuguese Perspectives." Sociologia Ruralis [Journal of European Rural Sociology] XXIV, 1 (1986); number devoted to rural Portugal today. Chaney, Rick. Regional Emigration and Remittances in Developing Countries: The Portuguese Experience. New York: Praeger, 1986. Cole, Sally. Women of the Praia: Work and Lives in a Portuguese Colonial Community. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991. Cutileiro, José. A Portuguese Rural Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.

   ■ Deschamps, Paul. Portugal: La Vie Sociale Actuelle. Paris, 1935.

   ■. Histoire Sociale du Portugal. Paris, 1959.

   ■ Dias, Jorge. Rio do Onor-comunitarismo agropastoral. Oporto, 1953.

   ■. Ensaios Etnológicos. Lisbon, 1961.

   ■. The Portuguese Contribution to Cultural Anthropology. Johannesburg: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1964.

   ■. Vilarinho Da Furna: Uma Aldeia Comunitária. Rev. ed. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Downs, Charles. Os Moradores à Conquista da Cidade. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■. "Community Organization, Political Change and Urban Policy: Portugal. 1974-1976." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Sociology. University of California, 1980.

   ■. "Residents' Commissions and Urban Struggles in Revolutionary Portugal." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Dracklé, Dorlé. Macht und Ohnmacht: Der Kampf num die Agarreform im Alentejo ( Portugal). Gottingen, Germany: Edit. Re, 1991.

   ■ Espírito Santo, Moise. Communidade Rural ao Norte do Tejo. Lisbon, 1980.

   ■ Feijó, Rui, H. Martins, and João de Pina Cabral, eds. Death in Portugal. Oxford: Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford, 1983.

   ■ Feijó, Rui Graça. "State, Nation and Regional Diversity in Portugal: An Overview." In Richard Herr and John H. Polt, eds., Iberian Identity: Essays on the Nature of Identity in Portugal and Spain, 37-47. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1989.

   ■ Feio, Mariano. Les Bas Alentejo et l'Algarve. Lisbon, 1949.

   ■ Ferreira de Almeida, João. Classes sociais nos campos. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Fonseca, Ramiro da. O Livro da Saúde e da Doença. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Gallop, Rodney. Portugal: A Book of Folk-Ways. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1936. Reprinted, 1961.

   ■ Hoefgen, Lynn. "The Integration of Returnees from the Colonies into Portugal's Social and Economic Life." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, 1985.

   ■ Ingerson, Alice Elizabeth. "Corporatism and Class Consciousness in Northwestern Portugal." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology. Johns Hopkins University, 1984.

   ■ Jenkins, Robin. The Road to Alto. London: Pluto Press, 1979.

   ■ Lawrence, Denise. "Menstrual Politics: Women and Pigs in Rural Portugal." In T. Buckley and A. Gottlieb, eds., Blood Magic: The Anthropology of Menstruation, 117-36. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.

   ■. "Suburbanization of House Form and Gender Relations in a Rural Portuguese Agro-Town." Architecture and Behavior 4, 3 (1988): 197-212.

   ■ Martins, Hermínio. "Portugal." In Margaret S. Archer and Salvador Giner, eds., Contemporary Europe: Class, Status and Power. New York: St. Martins, 1971.

   ■ Mattoso, José. Identificação de um país. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Merten, Peter. Anarchismüs und Arbeiterkãmpf in Portugal. Hamburg: Libera-tare Association, 1981.

   ■ Monteiro, Paulo. Terra que ja foi terra: Análise Sociológica de nove lugares agro-pastorais da Serra da Lousã. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Nataf, Daniel. "Social Cleavages and Regime Formation in Contemporary Portugal." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Political Science, UCLA, 1987.

   ■ Nazareth, J. Manuel. "Familia e Emigração em Portugal: Ensaio Exploratório." Economia e Socialismo 23 (1977): 31-50.

   ■ O'Neill, Brian Juan. "Dying and Inheriting in Rural Tras-os-Montes." Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford 14 (1983): 44-74.

   ■. Social Inequality in a Portuguese Hamlet: Land, Late Marriage, and Inheritance, 1870-1978. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

   ■ Pacheco, Helder. Tradições Populares de Portugal. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Pardoe, Julia. Traits and Traditions of Portugal, 2 vols. London, 1832.

   ■ Pereira Neto, João Baptista. "Social Evolution in Portugal since 1945." In Raymond S. Sayers, ed., Portugal and Brazil in Transition, 212-27. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1968.

   ■ Pina-Cabral, João de. Sons of Adam, Daughters of Eve: The Peasant World-View of the Alto Minho. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.

   ■. "Sociocultural Differentiation and Regional Identity in Portugal." In

   ■ R. Herr and J. H. Polt, eds., Iberian Identity, 3-18. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, 1989.

   ■ Poinard, Michel. La Retour des Traveilleurs Portugais. Paris: La Documentation Francaise, 1979.

   ■ Reed, Robert Roy. "Managing the Revolution: Revolutionary Promise and Political Reality in Rural Portugal." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, 1988.

   ■ Riegelhaupt, Joyce F. "In the Shadow of the City: Integration of a Portuguese Village" [São João das Lampas, nr, Cascais]. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Columbia University, 1964.

   ■. "Saloio Women: An Analysis of Informal and Formal Political and Economic Roles of Portuguese Peasant Women." Anthropological Quarterly 40, 3 (July 1967): 109-26.

   ■. "Festas and Padres: The Organization of Religious Action in a Portuguese Parish." American Anthropologist 75 (1973): 835-52.

   ■. "Peasants and Politics in Salazar's Portugal: The Corporate State and Village 'Nonpolitics'" In L. S. Graham and H. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents, 167-90. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■ Rodrigues, Julieta E. S. de Almeida. "Continuity and Change in Urban Portuguese Women's Roles: Emerging New Household Structures." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Sociology, Columbia University, 1979.

   ■ Rowland, Robert. "Demographic Patterns and Rural Society in Portugal." So-ciologica Ruralis 26, 1 (1986): 36-47.

   ■ Sanchis, Pierre. Arraial. La Fête d'un Peuple: Les Pélerinages Populaires au Portugal. Paris, 1976.

   ■ Siegel, Bernard J. "Social Structure and Medical Practitioners in Rural Brazil and Portugal." Sociologia (São Paulo) 20, 4 (Oct. 1958): 463-76.

   ■. "Conflict, Parochialism and Social Differentiation in Portuguese Society." Journal of Conflict Resolution V, 1 (March 1961): 35-12.

   ■ Smith, T. Lynn. "The Social Relationships of Man to the Land in Portugal." Sociologia 25, 1 (Dec. 1963): 319-43.

   ■ Sousa Santos, Boaventura. "Estado e sociedade na semiperíferia do sistema mundiale: O caso português." Análise Social 87-89 (1985): 869-902.

   ■. "Social Crisis and the State." In Kenneth Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation, 167-95. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Vasconcellos, Joaquim Leite de. Ethnograia Portuguesa, 8 vols. Lisbon, 1941-82.

   ■. Tradições Populares Portugueses. New ed. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Willems, Emilio. "On Portuguese Family Structure." International Journal of Comparative Society (Dharwar, India) 3, 1 (Sept. 1962): 65-79.

   ■ ARTS, ARCHITECTURE, URBAN PLANNING, MUSIC

   ■ Almeida, Rodrigo Vicente de. História da Arte em Portugal: ( Segundo Estudo) Documentos lnéditos. Oporto, 1883. Almeida D'Eca, Admiral Vicente M. Castles of Portugal. Lisbon, 1925. Amaral, Francisco K. Lisboa: Uma Cidade em Transformação. Lisbon, 1969. Azevedo, Carlos de, and Chester Brummel. Churches of Portugal. New York: Scala Books, 1985.

   ■ Barreira, João, ed. Arte Portuguesa: As Decorativas, 2 vols. Lisbon, n.d.

   ■ Barretto, Mascarenhas, and George Dykes. Fado: Lyrical Origins and Poetical Motivation. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Binney, Marcus. Country Manors of Portugal. London: Scala, 1987.

   ■ Branco, Luís de Freitas. A Música em Portugal. Lisbon, 1930.

   ■ Brito, Manuel Carlos de. Opera in Portugal in the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

   ■ Carvalho, Pinto de. História de Fado. Lisbon, 1903 and 1982 eds.

   ■ Castro d'Aire, Teresa. O Fado. Lisbon: Temas da Actualidade, 1996.

   ■ Chicó, Mário Tavares. A Architectura Gótica em Portugal. Lisbon, 1968.

   ■ França, José-Augusto. A Arte em Portugal No Século XIX. Lisbon, 1966.

   ■. Lisboa Pombalina e o Illuminismo, 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■. A Reconstrucão e a Arquitectura Pombalina. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Gallop, Rodney. "The Fado (The Portuguese Song of Fate)." Musical Quarterly XIX (1933): 199-213.

   ■. Eight Portuguese Folksongs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1936.

   ■ Gil, Júlio. The Finest Churches in Portugal. Lisbon, 1988.

   ■. The Finest Castles in Portugal, 3rd ed. George F. W. Dykes, trans. Lisbon, 1996.

   ■ Gonçalves, Rui Mário. Pintura e escultura em Portugal. Lisbon: Instituto de Cultura, 1984.

   ■. 100 Pintores Portugueses do século XX. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.

   ■ Kubler, George. Portuguese Plain Architecture: Between Spices and Diamonds, 1521-1706. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1972.

   ■. Studies in Ancient American and European Art: The Collected Essays of George Kubler. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1985.

   ■, and Martin Soria. Art and Architecture in Spain and Portugal. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1959.

   ■ Lacerda, Aarão de. História da Arte em Portugal, 2 vols. Oporto, 1942-48.

   ■ Leão, Joaquim de Sousa. "Decorative Art: The Azulejo." In H. V. Livermore, ed. Portugal and Brazil: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1953.

   ■ Lopes Graça, Fernando. A canção popular portuguesa. Lisbon, 1953.

   ■. A música portuguesa e os sus problemas: Ensaios. Lisbon, 1959.

   ■ Moita, Luís. O fado: canção de vencidos. Lisbon, 1936.

   ■ Neves, José Cassiano. The Palace and Gardens of Fronteira: Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Portuguese Style. Lisbon: Quetzal and Scala, 1995. North, C.T. Guia dos castelos antigos de Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon: Bertrand Ed., 2002.

   ■ Pacheco, Jose. Stuart Carvalhais. O desenho grafico e a imprensa. Lisbon: Biblioteca do Empresario, 2000. Pereira, Paulo, ed. Arte portuguesa. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1995. Picchio, Luciana Stegagno. Storia del Teatro Portoghese. Rome: Edizinio deli' Ateneo, 1964.

   ■ Queirós, José. Cerâmica Portuguesa, 2 vols. 2nd rev. ed. Lisbon, 1948.

   ■ Santos, Luís Reis. Monuments of Portugal. Lisbon, 1940.

   ■ Santos, Reinaldo dos. A Escultura em Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1948-50.

   ■. História da Arte em Portugal. Oporto, 1953.

   ■ Sasportes, José. História da Dança em Portugal. Lisbon, 1970. Simões, J. M. dos Santos. "Azulejos in a Land of Many Colours." Connoisseur (London) CXXXVII, 551 (1956): 15-21.

   ■. Azulejaria em Portugal no Século X VIII. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Smith, Robert C. A Talha em Portugal. Lisbon, 1963.

   ■. The Art of Portugal, 1500-1800. London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968.

   ■. "The Building of Mafra." Apollo 97, 134 (April 1973): 360-67.

   ■ Stoop, Anne de. Demeures portugaises dans les environs de Lisbonne. Paris: Weber, 1986.

   ■. Palais et manoirs: Le Minho. Paris: Ed. du Seuil, 1995.

   ■ Tannock, Michael. Portuguese 20th Century Artists: A Biographical Dictionary. Chichester, U.K.: Phillimore, 1978.

   ■ Taylor, René. "The Architecture of Port Wine." The Architectural Review CXXIX, 772 (1961): 368-99.

   ■ Terol, Marylene. Azulejos a Lisbonne. Paris: Hervas, 1992.

   ■ Veiga de Oliveira, Ernesto. Instrumentos musicais populares portugueses. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■ Watson, Walter Crum. Portuguese Architecture. London: Constable, 1908. Wohl, Hellmut. "Carlos Mardel and His Lisbon Architecture." Apollo 97, 134 (April 1973): 350-59.

   ■ Sculpture and Ceramics

   ■ Andrade, Sergio de. "Presepios." In Dicionario de Arte Barroca em Portugal. Lisbon: Presenca, 1989. Barreira, Joao. Arte Portuguesa, Arquitectura e Escultura. Lisbon: Excelsior, n.d.

   ■ Cardoso, Arnaldo Pinto. O Presepio Barroco Portugues. Lisbon: Bertrand, 2003.

   ■ Chaves, Luis. Os Barristas Portugueses. Coimbra, 1925.

   ■. Natal Portugues. Oporto: Liv. Classica Editora, 1942.

   ■ Gargano, Pietro. Il Presepio. Otto Secoli di Storia, Arte, Tradizione. Milan: Fenice, 1995.

   ■ Lima, Henrique de Campos F. Joaquim Machado de Castro, Escultor Conimbricense. Coimbra: Instituto de Historia de Arte, 1989. Macedo, Diogo de. Presepios Portugueses. Lisbon: Artis, 1951.

   ■. Machado de Castro. Lisbon: Artis, 1958.

   ■ Morais, Heitor. Natal do Meu Coracao. Braga: Ed. A.O., 1991.

   ■ Pais, Alexandre Nobre. Presepios Portugueses Monumentos do Seculo XVIII em Terracotta, 2 vols. Master's thesis in history of art, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1998.

   ■ Queiros, Jose. Ceramica Portuguesa. Lisbon: Presenca, 1998. Santos, Reinaldo dos. A Escultura em Portugal. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1951. Serrao, Vitor. Historia da Arte em Portugal IV-O Barroco. Lisbon: Presenca, 2003.

   ■ Smith, Robert C. The Art Of Portugal 1500-1800. New York: Meredith Press, 1968.

   ■ Sousa, Ernesto de. Presepios. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1998.

   ■ Cinema

   ■ Antunes, Joao and Jose de Matos-Cruz, Cinema Portugues 1896-1998. Lisbon: Lusomundo, 1997.

   ■ Bandeira, Jose Gomes. Porto: 100 anos de cinema portugues. Oporto: Camara Municipal do Porto, 1996. Duarte, Fernando. Primitivos do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Cinecultura, 1960.

   ■ Faria de Almeida, M., Resumo da Historia do Cinema. Lisbon: RTP, 1982. Nobre, Roberto. Singularidades do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Portugalia, n.d.

   ■ Pina, Luis de. Aventura do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Vega, 1977.

   ■. Documentarismo Portugues. Lisbon: IPC, 1977.

   ■. Panorama do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Terra Livre, 1978.

   ■. Historia do Cinema Portugues. Mem Martins: Europa-America, 1986.

   ■ Ribeiro, Felix. O Cinema Portugues antes do Sonoro. Esboco Historiconema Portugues. Lisbon: Terra Livre, 1978.

   ■. Panorama do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: n.d.

   ■ Children's Literature

   ■ Andresen, Sofia de Melo Breyner. A Fada Oriana. 9th ed. Lisbon: Figueiri-nhas, 1985.

   ■ Araújo, Matilde Rosa. A estrada fascinante. Lisbon: Livros Horizonte, 1988. Barreto, Garcia. Literatura Para Crianças E Jovens Em Portugal. Oporto:

   ■ Campo Das Letras, 1998. Bastos, Glória. A escrita para crianças em Portugal no seculo XIX. Lisbon:

   ■ Caminho da Educaçao, 1997. Cadet, Maria Rita Chiappe. Os Contos da Mamã. Lisbon: Lallement Freres, 1883.

   ■ Castro, Fernanda. Mariazinha em Africa, 2nd ed. Lisbon: Portugália, 1947. Cross, Esther, and Wilbur Cross. Portugal. Chicago: Childrens Press, 1986. DeSkalon, Anna, and Christa Stadtler. We Live in Portugal. New York: Watts, 1987.

   ■ Gomes, Alice. A Nau Catrineta, 2nd ed. Lisbon: Portugália, 1973.

   ■. A literatura para a infância. Lisbon: Torres & Abreu, 1979.

   ■ Letria, José Jorge. Do sentimento mágico da vida. Lisbon: Escritor, 1994. Müller, Adolfo Simões. Historiazinha de Portugal, 6th ed. Oporto: Tavares Martins, 1983.

   ■ Osório, Ana de Castro. Para as crianças. Illustr. by Leal da Câmara. Setúbal: Liv. Crianças, 1908.

   ■ Pires, Maria Laura Bettencourt. História da literatura infantil portuguesa. Lisbon: Vega, 1981. Ribeiro, Aquilino. Arca de Noé-III Classe. Lisbon, 1989. Rocha, Natércia. Breve História da Literatura para Crianças em Portugal. Lisbon: Instituto de Cultura e Língua Portuguesa, 1984.

   ■. Bibliografia geral da literatura portuguesa para crianças. Lisbon: Edit. Comunicação, 1987.

   ■ Sá, Domingos Guimarães de. A literatura infantil em Portugal. Braga: Edit. Franciscana, 1981.

   ■ Selfridge. John. Portugal. New York: Chelsea House, 1990. Vaz de Carvalho, Maria Amália. Contos para os Nossos Filhos, 11th ed. Oporto: Barreira, 1947.

   ■ Viana, António Manuel Couto. Jõao de Deus e um século de literatura infantil em Portugal. Lisbon: Ed. do Templo, 1978.

   ■ Lisbon, Capital City, in History and Literature

   ■ Castelo-Branco, Fernando. Lisboa Seiscentista, 3rd ed. Lisbon: 1969.

   ■ Castilho, Júlio de. Lisboa Antiga, 7 vols. Lisbon, 1935-45.

   ■ Couto, Dejanirah. Histoire de Lisbonne. Paris: Fayard, 2000.

   ■ Crespo, Ángel. Lisboa Mítica e Literária. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1987.

   ■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Lisboa Desaparecida. Lisbon: Quimera, 1990.

   ■ Dionísio, Sant'anna, ed. Guia de Portugal. Vol. I: Lisboa e Arredores. Lisbon: Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa, 1924, orig. ed; reprint, Gulbenkian Foundation, 1979.

   ■ França, José-Augusto. Lisboa Pombalina e o Iluminismo. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1977.

   ■ Moita, Irisalva, ed. O Livro de Lisboa. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1994.

   ■ Neves, Orlando. Lisboa em Crónica. Lisbon: Author's Ed., 1968.

   ■ Pavão, Luís, and Mário Pereira. Tabernas de Lisboa. Lisbon: Assírio & Alvim, 1981.

   ■ Pessoa, Fernando. Lisboa. O que o turista deve ver: What the Tourist Should See. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1997.

   ■ Queirós, José Maria Eça de. À Capital. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1960.

   ■ Santos, Piedade Braga, et al. Lisboa Setecentista vista por Estrangeiros. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1996.

   ■ Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa. Lisbon: Caminho, 1993.

   ■ Wright, David, and Patrick Swift. Lisbon: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1971.

   ■ The Inquisition in History

   ■ Azevedo, João Lúcio. Historia das Cristãos-Novos. Lisbon: Liv. Clássica, 1975.

   ■ Baião, António. A Inquisição em Portugal e no Brasil: Subsídios para a sua história. Lisbon: Arquivo Histórico Portugues, 1906. Bethencourt, Francisco. "Portugal: A Scrupulous Inquisition," In Bengt Ankarloo and Gustav Henningsen, eds., Early Modern Witchcraft: Centres and Peripheries, 403-22. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990.

   ■. "Os equilíbrios sociais do Poder." In José Mattoso, ed., Historia De Portugal, Vol. 3, No Alvorecer Da Modernidade ( 1480-1620). Lisbon: Estampa, 1993.

   ■. História das Inquisições: Portugal, Espanha e Itália. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1994.

   ■ Braga, Maria Luísa. A Inquisição em Portugal na primeira metade do Séc. XVIII. Lisbon: Inst. Nacional de Investigação Científica, 1992.

   ■ Haliczer, Stephen, ed. Inquisition and Society in Early Modern Europe. London: Croom Helm, 1987.

   ■ Herculano, Alexandre. History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal. Reprint. New York: AMS Press, 1968.

   ■ Magalhães, Joaquim Romero. "Em Busca dos Tempos da Inquisição (15731615)." Revista de História das Ideias 9 (1987): 191-228.

   ■ Mea, Elvira Cunha Azevedo. A Inquisição de Coimbra no Século XVI. Oporto, 1989.

   ■ Mendonça, José Lourenço D. de, and António Joaquim Moreira. História da Inquisição em Portugal. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1980.

   ■ Novinsky, Anita, and Luísa M. Carneiro, eds. Inquisição: Ensaios sobre Mentalidade, Heresias e Arte. Rio de Janeiro: Expressão e Cultura, 1992.

   ■ Pereira, Isais da Rosa. Documentos para a história da Inquisição em Portugal. Lisbon, 1987.

   ■ Rego, Yvonne Cunha, ed. Feiticeiros, Profetas e Visionários: Textos Antigos Portugueses. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional e Casa da Moeda, 1981.

   ■ Saraiva, António José. Inquisição e cristãos-novos. Lisbon: Estampa, 1985.

   ■ Walker, Timothy Dale. "Doctors, Folk Medicine and the Inquisition: The Repression of Popular Healing in Portugal during the Enlightenment Era." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of History, Boston University, 2001.

   ■ Literature in English Translation: Selection

   ■ Alcaforado, Mariana. The Letters of a Portuguese Nun ( Mariana Alcaforado). Edgar Prestage, trans. London: D. Nutt, 1893.

   ■ Andrade, Eugénio de. "White on White." Alexis Levitin, trans. Quarterly Review of Literature. Poetry Series VIII. Vol. 27. Princeton, N.J., 1987.

   ■. Another Name for Earth; O outro nome da terra. Alexis Levitin, trans. Ft. Bragg, Calif.: QED Press, 1997.

   ■ Andresen, Sophia de Mello Breyner. Marine Rose: Selected Poems. Ruth Fain-light, trans. Redding Ridge, Conn.: Swan Books, 1989.

   ■ Antunes, António Lobo. South of Nowhere. Elizabeth Lowe, trans. New York: Random House, 1983.

   ■. Fado Alexandrino. Gregory Rabassa, trans. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1990.

   ■. An Explanation of the Birds. Richard Zenith, trans. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1991.

   ■. Act of the Damned. New York: Grove Press, 1995.

   ■. The Natural Order of Things. New York: Grove Press, 2000.

   ■ Barreno, Maria Isabel, Maria Teresa Horta, and Maria Velho da Costa. The Three Marias: New Portuguese Letters. Helen R. Lane, trans. New York: Doubleday, 1975.

   ■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. Poems from the Portuguese ( with the Portuguese text). A.

   ■ Bell, trans. Oxford: Blackwell, 1913.

   ■ Camões, Luís de. The Lusiads of Luís de Camões. Leonard Bacon, trans. New York: Hispanic Society of America, 1950.

   ■. The Lusiads. William C. Atkinson, trans. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1952.

   ■. The Lusiads. Landeg White, trans. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

   ■ Castelo Branco, Camilo. Doomed Love ( A Family Memoir). Alice R. Clemente, trans Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1995. Castro, José Maria Ferreira de. Emigrants. Dorothy Ball, trans. New York: Macmillan, 1962.

   ■. Jungle. Charles Duff, trans. New York: Viking, 1935.

   ■. The Mission. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Hamilton, 1963.

   ■ Dantas, Júlio. The Cardinals' Collation, 48th ed. A. Saintsbury, trans. London, 1962.

   ■ Dias de Melo. Dark Stones. Gregory McNab, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1996.

   ■ Dinis, Júlio. The Fidalgos of Casa Mourisca. Rosanna Dabney, trans. Boston: D. Lothrop, 1891.

   ■ Garrett, Almeida. Brother Luiz de Sousa [play]. Edgar Prestage, trans. London: Elkin Mathess, 1909.

   ■. Travels in My Homeland. John M. Parker, trans. London: Peter Owen and UNESCO, 1987. Griffin, Jonathan. Camões: Some Poems Translated from the Portuguese by Jonathan Griffin. London: Menard Press, 1976. Jorge, Lídia. The Murmuring Coast. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995.

   ■ Lisboa, Eugénio, ed. Portuguese Short Fiction. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1997.

   ■ Lopes, Fernão. The English in Portugal 1367-87: Extracts from the Chronicles of Dom Fernando and Dom João. Derek W. Lomax and R. J. Oakley, eds. and trans. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.

   ■ Macedo, Helder, ed. Contemporary Portuguese Poetry: An Anthology in English. Helder Macedo, et al., trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet New Press, 1978.

   ■ Martins, J. P. De Oliveira. A History of Iberian Civilization. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans.; preface by Salvador de Madariaga. New York: Cooper Square, 1969.

   ■ Mendes Pinto, Fernão. The Travels of Mendes Pinto [Orig. title: Peregrinação].

   ■ Rebecca D. Catz, trans., with introduction and notes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989. Miguéis, José Rodrigues. A Man Smiles at Death with Half a Face. George

   ■ Monteiro, trans. Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1991.

   ■. Happy Easter. John Byrne, trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1995.

   ■. Steerage and Ten Other Stories. George Monteiro, ed. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1998. Monteiro, Luís De Sttau. The Rules of the Game. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Hamilton, 1965.

   ■ Mourão-Ferreira, David. Lucky in Love. Christine Robinson, trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1999. Namora, Fernando. Field of Fate. Dorothy Ball, trans. London: Macmillan, 1970.

   ■. Mountain Doctor. Dorothy Ball, trans. London: Macmillan, 1956.

   ■ Nemésio, Vitorino. Inclement Weather over the Channel. Francisco Cota Fagundes, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1993.

   ■. Stormy Isles: An Azorean Tale. Francisco C. Fagundes, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 2000.

   ■ Paço D'Arcos, Joaquim. Memoirs of a Banknote. Robert Lyle, trans. London, 1968.

   ■ Pedroso, Consiglieri, comp. Portuguese Folk-Tales. Henriqueta Monteiro, trans. Reprint of orig. 1882 ed. New York: Benjamin Blom, 1969.

   ■ Pessoa, Fernando. Fernando Pessoa: Sixty Portuguese Poems. F. E. G. Quintanilha, ed. and trans. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1971.

   ■. Selected Poems: Fernando Pessoa. 2nd rev. ed. Jonathan Griffin, trans. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1982.

   ■. The Book of Disquiet. Alfred MacAdams, trans. New York: Pantheon, 1991.

   ■. Fernando Pessoa: Selected Poems. Peter Rickard, ed. and trans. Edinburgh, U.K.: Edinburgh University Press, 1991.

   ■. "The Mariner: A 'Static Drama' in One Act." In Translation: Portugal.

   ■ George Ritchie, et al., trans. The Journal of Literary Translation. Vol. XXV, 38-56. New York: Translation Center, Columbia University, 1991.

   ■. Message: Bilingual Edition. Jonathan Griffin, trans. London: Menard Press and King's College, 1992.

   ■ Pires, José Cardoso. Ballad of a Dog's Beach. Mary Fitton, trans. London: J. M. Dent, 1986.

   ■ Queirós, José Maria Eça de. Cousin Bazilio. Roy Campbell, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1953.

   ■. The Relic. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1954.

   ■. The City and the Mountains. Roy Campbell, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1955.

   ■. The Sin of Father Amaro. Nan Flanagan, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1962.

   ■. The Maias. Patricia McGowan Pinheiro, trans. London: Bodley Head, 1965.

   ■. The Illustrious House of Ramires. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Bodley Head, 1968.

   ■. Letters from England. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Bodley Head, 1970.

   ■. To the Capital. John Vetch, trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1995.

   ■ Quental, Antero de. Sixty-four Sonnets. Edgar Prestage, trans. London: David Nutt, 1894.

   ■ Redol, Alves. The Man with Seven Names. L. L. Barrett, trans. New York: Knopf, 1964.

   ■ Resende, André de. André deResende's 'Poema Latina'/ 'Latinpoems.' J. C. R. Martyn, ed. and trans. Lewiston N.Y.: Lampeter and Edwin Mellen, 1998. Ribeiro, Aquilino. When the Wolves Howl. Patricia McGowan Pinheiro, trans. New York: Macmillan; London: Cape, 1963. Sá Carneiro, Mário de. The Great Shadow ( and Other Stories). Margaret Jull Costa, trans. Sawtry, U.K.: Dedalus, 1996. Santareno, Bernardo. The Promise. Nelson H. Vieira, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1981.

   ■ Saramago, José. Baltasar and Blimunda. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1987.

   ■. The Stone Raft. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1991.

   ■. The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1991.

   ■. The History of the Siege of Lisbon. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1996.

   ■. Blindness. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1999.

   ■. Tale of the Unknown Island. New York: Harcourt Brace, 2000.

   ■. All the Names. Margaret Jull Costa, trans. New York: Harcourt, 2000.

   ■. Journey to Portugal. New York: Harcourt Brace, 2001.

   ■ Sena, Jorge de. The Poetry of Jorge de Sena: A Bilingual Selection. Frederick G. Williams et al., trans. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Mudborn Press, 1980.

   ■. By the Rivers of Babylon and Other Stories. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1989.

   ■ Vicente, Gil. Four Plays of Gil Vicente: Edited from the Editio Princeps ( 1562). Aubrey F. G. Bell, ed. and trans. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1920.

   ■. Lyrics of Gil Vicente. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Hispanic Notes and Monographs, Portuguese Series 1, 1921.

   ■. The Play of Rubena. Jack E. Tomlins, trans.; Rene P. Garay and José I. Suarez, eds. New York: National Hispanic Foundation for Humanities, 1993.

   ■. The Boat Plays. David Johnston, trans. and adaptation. London: Oberon, 1996.

   ■. Three Discovery Plays. Anthony Lappin, trans. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1997.

   ■ Vieira, António. Dust Thou Art. Rev. W. Anderson, trans. London, 1882.

   ■ Portuguese and Portuguese-American Cooking: Cuisine

   ■ Anderson, Jean. Food of Portugal. New York: Hearst, 1994. Asselin, E. Donald. A Portuguese-American Cookbook. Rutland, Vt.: Charles E. Tuttle, 1966.

   ■ Bourne, Ursula. Portuguese Cookery. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1973. Crato, Maria Helena Tavares. Cozinha Portuguesa I, II. Lisbon: Editorial Presença, 1978.

   ■ Dienhart, Miriam, and Anne Emerson, ed. Cooking in Portugal. Cascais: American Women of Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Feibleman, Peter S. The Cooking of Spain and Portugal. New York: Time-Life Books; Foods of the World, 1969.

   ■ Koehler, Margaret H. Recipes from the Portuguese of Provincetown. Riverside, Conn.: Chatham Press, 1973. Manjny, Maite. The Home Book of Portuguese Cookery. London: Faber & Faber, 1974.

   ■ Marques, Susan Lowndes. Good Food from Spain and Portugal. London: Muller, 1956.

   ■ Modesto, Maria de Lourdes. Cozinha Tradicional Portuguesa. Lisbon: Verbo, 1982.

   ■ Ortiz, Elisabeth Lambert. The Food of Spain and Portugal. The Complete Iberian Cuisine. New York: Atheneum, 1989. Pinto, Elvira. La Bonne Cuisine Portugaise. Paris: Edicions Garanciere, 1985.

   ■ Robertson, Carol. Portuguese Cooking: The Authentic and Robust Cuisine of Portugal. Berkeley Calif.: North Atlantic, 1993. Schmaeling, Tony. The Cooking of Spain and Portugal. Ware, U.K.: Omega, 1983.

   ■ Vieira, Édite. The Taste of Portugal. London: Robinson, 1989.

   ■ Von Treskow, Maria. Zü Gast in Portugal: Eine Kulnarische Reise in Garten Europas. Weingarten: Kunstverlag, 1989. Wright, Carol. Portuguese Food. London: Dent, 1969.

   ■. Self-catering in Portugal: Making the Most of Local Food and Drink. London: Croom Helm, 1986.

   ■ Gardens and Gardening of Portugal and Madeira

   ■ Afonso, Simonetta Luz, and Angela Delaforce. Palace of Queluz— The Gardens. Lisbon, 1989.

   ■ Araújo, Iluídio Alves de. Arte Paisagista e Arte das Jardins em Portugal. Lisbon, 1962.

   ■ Azeredo, Francisco de. Casas Senhoriais Portuguesas. Barcelos, 1986.

   ■ Binney, Marcus. Country Manors of Portugal. New York: Scala Books, 1987.

   ■ Bowe, Patrick, and Nicolas Sapieha. Gardens of Portugal. New York: Scala Books and Harper and Row, 1989.

   ■ Cane, Florence du. The Flowers and Gardens of Madeira. London, 1924.

   ■ Cardoso, Pedro Homem, and Helder Carita. Da Grandeza das Jardins em Portugal. Lisbon, 1987.

   ■ Carita, Helder, and Homem Cardoso. Portuguese Gardens. London: Antique Collector's Club, 1987.

   ■ Costa, António da, and Luís de O. Franquinho. Madeira: Plantas e Floras. Funchal, 1986.

   ■ Nichols, Rose Standish. Spanish and Portuguese Gardens. Boston, 1926.

   ■ Pereira, Arthur D. Sintra and Its Farm Manors. Sintra, 1983.

   ■ Sampaio, Gonçalo. Flora Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1946.

   ■ Sitwell, Sacheverell. Portugal and Madeira. London: Batsford, 1945.

   ■ Underwood, John, and Pat Underwood. Landscapes of Madeira. London, 1980.

   ■ Vieira, Rui. Flowers of Madeira. Funchal, 1973.

   ■ Viterbo, Francisco Marques de Sousa. A Jardinagem em Portugal, 2 vols. Coimbra, 1906-9.

   ■ Education, Science, Health, and Medical History

   ■ Albuquerque, Luís de. Estudos de História, 3 vols. Coimbra, 1973-81.

   ■. Ciência e experiência nos Descobrimentos portugueses. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■. Para a História de Ciência em Portugal. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■. As Navegaçoes E A Sua Projecção Na Ciência E Na Cultura. Lisbon, 1987.

   ■ Baião, Antônio. Episódios Dramáticos da Inquisição Portuguesa, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1936-55.

   ■ Cabreira, Antônio. Portugal nos mares e nas ciências. Lisbon, 1929. Carvalho, Rômulo de. A Astronomia em Portugal (séc. xviii). Lisbon, 1985. Fernandes, Barahona. Egas Moniz: Pioneiro de descobrimentos médicos. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■ Gaitonde, P. D. Portuguese Pioneers in India: Spotlight on Medicine. London: Sangam Books, 1983.

   ■ Hanson, Carl A. "Portuguese Cosmology in the Late Seventeenth Century." In Benjamin F. Taggie and Richard W. Clement, eds., Iberia & the Mediterranean, 75-85. Warrensburg: Central Missouri State University, 1989.

   ■ Higgins, Michael H., and Charles F. S. de Winton. Survey of Education in Portugal. London, 1942.

   ■ Hirsch, Elizabeth Feist. Damião de Góis: The Life and Thought of a Portuguese Humanist. The Hague, 1967.

   ■ Lemos, Maximiano. Arquivos de História da Medicina Portuguesa. Several vols. Lisbon, 1886-1923. Vol. I. História da Medicina em Portugal. Doutrina e Instituições. Lisbon, 1899.

   ■ Mira, Matias Ferreira de. História da Medicina Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1948.

   ■ Orta, Garcia de. Colóquios dos Simples e Drogas e Cousas Medicinais da India. Conde de Ficalho, ed., 2 vols. Lisbon, 1891-95.

   ■ Osório, J. Pereira. História e Desenvolvimento da Ciência em Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1986-89.

   ■ Pina, Luís de. "Uma prioridade portuguesa do século XVI. João de Barros e a Dactiloscópia Oriental." Arquivo da Repartição de Antropologia Criminal IV (1936).

   ■. "As Ciências na História do Império Colonial Português — Séculos XV a XIX." Anais de Faculdade de Ciências do Porto ( 1939-10).

   ■. "Os Portugueses Mestres de Ciência e Metras no Estrangeiro." Actas do Congresso do Mundo Português. Lisbon, 1940.

   ■. "A Ciência em Portugal (bosquejo Histórico)." In Secretariado Nacional da Informação, ed., Portugal: Breviário Da Pátria Para Os Portugueses Ausentes, 277-301. Lisbon, 1946.

   ■ Richards, Robert A. C., ed. Guide to World Science: Vol. 9: Spain and Portugal, 2nd ed. Guernsey, U.K.: F. H. Books, 1974.

   ■ Saraiva, António José. História da Cultura em Portugal, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1950-62.

   ■ ———. "João de Barros." In Serrao, ed., Dicionário de História de Portugal 1 (1963): 307-8.

   ■ Silvestre Ribeiro, José. História dos Establecimentos Scientíficos, Literários e Artísticos de Portugal nos Successivos Reinados da Monarchia, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1871-83.

   ■ Veiga-Pires, J. A., and Ronald G. Grainger, eds. Pioneers in Angiography: The Portuguese School ofAngiography. Lancaster, U.K.: MTP Press, 1982.

   ■ Walker, Timothy. "Doctors, Folk Medicine and the Inquisition: The Repression of Popular Healing in Portugal during the Enlightenment Era." Ph.D. dissertation, History Department, Boston University, 2001.

   ■ Feminism and Women's Studies

   ■ Barbosa, Madelena. "Women in Portugal." Women's Studies International Quarterly 4 (1981): 477-80.

   ■ Barreno, Maria Isabel, Maria Teresa Horta, and Maria Velho da Costa. Novas Cartas Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1972.

   ■ ———. The Three Marias. New Portuguese Letters. Helen R. Lane, trans. New York: Doubleday, 1975.

   ■ Brettell, Caroline B. We Have Already Cried Many Tears: The Stories of Three Portuguese Migrant Women. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman, 1982.

   ■ Ferreira, Virginia. "Engendering Portugal: Social Change, State Politics, and Women's Social Mobilization." In António Costa Pinto, ed., Modern Portugal, 162-88. Palo Alto, Calif.: SPOSS, 1998.

   ■ Goodwin, Mary. "Portuguese Feminism." Portuguese Studies Newsletter 17 (Spring-Summer 1987): 12-13.

   ■ Lamas, Maria. As Mulheres do Meu País. Lisbon, 1948.

   ■ "Mulheres Portuguesas e Feminismo." Análise Social [special number on Portuguese Women and Feminism] 22 (1986): 92-93.

   ■ Osório, Ana de Castro. As Mulheres Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1905.

   ■ Sadlier, Darlene J. The Question of How: Women Writers and New Portuguese Literature. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood; Contributions in Women's Studies, no. 109, 1989.

   ■ Silva, Manuela. The Employment of Women in Portugal. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications, European Communities, 1984. Velho da Costa, Maria. Maina Mendes. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■ Vicente, Ana, and Maria Reynolds de Souza. Family Planning in Portugal. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■ Religion and Catholic Church

   ■ Almeida, Fortunato de. História da Igreja em Portugal. 6 vols. Coimbra, 1910-24, and Oporto, 1967-72. Alonso, Joaquim Maria. The Secret of Fátima: Fact and Legend. Cambridge, Mass.: Ravengate Press, 1979. Alves, José da Felicidade, ed. Católicos e política de Humberto Delgado à Marcelo Caetano. Lisbon, 1969. Araújo, Miguel de, ed. Dicionario político; 1; Os Bispos e a revoluçao de Abril. Lisbon, 1976. Bishko, Charles Julian. Spanish and Portuguese Monastic History 600-1300. London, Variorum Reprints, 1984.

   ■ Blanshard, Paul. Freedom and Catholic Power in Spain and Portugal. Boston: Beacon Press, 1962.

   ■ Boxer, C. R. The Church Militant and Iberian Expansion 1440-1770. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978. Bruneau, Thomas C. "Church and State in Portugal: Crises of Cross and Sword." Journal of Church and State XVIII (1976): 463-90. Freire, José Geraldes. Resistência Católico ao Salazarismo-Marcelismo. Oporto, 1976.

   ■ Herculano, Alexandre. History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal. John C. Banner, trans. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1962.

   ■ IPOPE. Estudo sobre liberdade e religião em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973. Johnston, Francis. Fátima: The Great Sign. Chulmleigh, U.K.: Augustine Publications, 1980.

   ■ Kondor, Fr. Louis. Fátima in Lucia's Own Words: Sister Lucia's Memoirs. Fatima: Postulation Center, 1976. Lourenço, Joaquim Maria. Situação jurídica da Igreja em Portugal. Coimbra, 1943.

   ■ Mattoso, José. Religião e Cultura na Idade Média Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1982. Miller, Samuel J. Portugal and Rome c. 1748-1830: An Aspect of Catholic Enlightenment. Rome: Universita Gregoriana Editrice, 1978. O'Malley, John W. The First Jesuits. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993.

   ■ Pattee, Richard. Portugal and the Portuguese World. Milwaukee, Wisc.: Bruce, 1957.

   ■ Prestage, Edgar. Portugal: A Pioneer of Christianity. Lisbon, 1945.

   ■ Richard, Robert. Etudes sur l'histoire morale et religieuse de Portugal. Paris: Centro Cultural de Gulbenkian, 1970.

   ■ Robinson, Richard A. H. "The Religious Question and Catholic Revival in Portugal, 1900-1930." Journal of Contemporary History XII (1977): 345-62.

   ■. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.

   ■ Rodrigues, R. P. Francisco. História da Companhia de Jesus na Assistência de Portugal, 7 vols. Lisbon, 1931-50.

   ■ Roth, Cecil. A History of the Marranos. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1932.

   ■ Agriculture, Viticulture, and Fishing

   ■ Abreu-Ferreira, Darlene. "The Portuguese in Newfoundland: Documentary Evidence Examined." Portuguese Studies Review 4, 1 (1995-96): 11-33.

   ■ Allen, H. Warner. The Wines of Portugal. London: Michael Joseph, 1963.

   ■ Barros, Afonso de. A reforma agrária em Portugal. Oeiras, 1979.

   ■ Beamish, Huldine V. The Hills of Alentejo. London: Geoffrey Bles, 1958.

   ■ Bennett, Norman R. "The Golden Age of the Port Wine System, 1781-1807." The International History Review XII (1990): 221-18.

   ■ Black, Richard. "The Myth of Subsistence: Market Production in the Small Farm Sector of Northern Portugal." Iberian Studies 1, 8 (1989): 25-41.

   ■ Bravo, Pedro, and Duarte de Oliveira. Viticulture Moderna. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■. Vinhas e Vinhos De Portugal. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Cabral, Manuel V. "Agrarian Structures and Recent Movements in Portugal." Journal of Peasant Studies 4, 5 (July 1978): 411-45.

   ■ Cardoso, José Carvalho. A Agricultura Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1973.

   ■ Carvalho, Bento de. Guía Dos Vinhos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■ Clarke, Robert. Open Boat Whaling in the Azores: The History and Present Methods of a Relic Industry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954.

   ■ Cockburn, Ernest. Port Wine and Oporto. London: Wine & Spirit, 1949. Cole, S. C. "Cod, Cod Country and Family: The Portuguese Newfoundland Fishery." Mast 3, 1 (1990): 1-29.

   ■ Coull, James. The Fisheries of Europe. London: G. Bell & Sons, 1972.

   ■ Croft-Cooke, Rupert. Port. London: Putnam, 1957.

   ■. Madeira. London: Putnam, 1961.

   ■ Delaforce, John. The Factory House at Oporto. London: Christie's Wine Publications, 1979 and later eds.

   ■ Doel, Patricia A. Port O'Call: Memories of the Portuguese White Fleet in St. John's Newfoundland. St. John's, Newfoundland: ISER, 1992.

   ■ Fletcher, Wyndham. Port: An Introduction to Its History and Delights. London: Bernet, 1978.

   ■ Francis, A. D. The Wine Trade. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1972.

   ■ Freitas, Eduardo, João Ferreira de Almeida, and Manuel Villaverde Cabral. Modalidades de penetração do capitalismo na agricultura: estruturas agrárias em Portugal Continental, 1950-1970. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Gonçalves, Francisco Esteves. Portugal: A Wine Country. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■ Gulbenkian Foundation. Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Kurlansky, Mark. Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World. New York: Walker, 1997.

   ■ Malefakis, Edward. "Two Iberian Land Reforms Compared: Spain, 1931-1936 and Portugal, 1974—1978." In Gulbenkian Foundation, Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Moreira da Fonseca, A. Port Wine: Notes on Its History, Production and Technology. Oporto, 1981.

   ■ Moutinho, M. História da pesca do bacalhau. Lisbon: Imprensa Universitária, 1985.

   ■ Oliveira Marques, A. H. de. lntrodução a história da agricultura em Portugal.

   ■ Lisbon, 1968. Pato, Octávio. O Vinho. Lisbon, 1971.

   ■ Pearson, Scott R. Portuguese Agriculture in Transition. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987.

   ■ Postgate, Raymond. Portuguese Wine. London: Dent, 1969.

   ■ Read, Jan. The Wines of Portugal. London: Faber & Faber, 1982.

   ■ Robertson, George. Port. London: Faber & Faber, 1982 ed.

   ■ Rutledge, Ian. "Land Reform and the Portuguese Revolution." Journal of Peasant Studies 5, 1 (Oct. 1977): 79-97.

   ■ Sanceau, Elaine. The British Factory at Oporto. Oporto, 1970.

   ■ Simon, Andre L. Port. London: Constable, 1934.

   ■ Simões, J. Os grandes trabalhadores do Mar: Reportagens na Terra Nova e na Groenlândia. Lisbon: Gazeta dos Caminho de Ferro, 1942.

   ■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992: Special Report. New York: Camões Center/RIIC, Columbia University, 1990.

   ■ Stanislawski, Dan. Landscapes of Bacchus: The Vine in Portugal. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1970.

   ■ Teixeira, Carlos, and Victor M. Pereira da Rosa, eds. The Portuguese in Canada: From the Seat to the City. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000.

   ■ Unwin, Tim. "Farmers' Perceptions of Agrarian Change in Northwest Portugal." Journal of Rural Studies 1, 4 (1985): 339-57.

   ■ Valadão do Valle, E. Bacalhau: tradições históricas e económicos. Lisbon, 1991.

   ■ Venables, Bernard. Baleia! The Whalers of Azores. London: Bodley Head, 1968.

   ■ Villiers, Alan. The Quest of the Schooner Argus: A Voyage to the Banks and Greenland. New York: Scribners, 1951. World Bank. Portugal: Agricultural Survey. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.

   ■ ECONOMY, INDUSTRY, AND DEVELOPMENT

   ■ Aiyer, Srivain, and Shahid A. Chandry. Portugal and the E.E.C.: Employment and Implications. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Baklanoff, Eric N. The Economic Transformation of Spain and Portugal. New York: Praeger, 1978.

   ■. "Changing Systems: The Portuguese Revolution and the Public Enterprise Sector." ACES ( Association of Comparative Economic Studies) Bulletin 26 (Summer-Fall 1984): 63-76.

   ■. "Portugal's Political Economy: Old and New." In K. Maxwell and M. Haltzel, eds., Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy, 37-59. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.

   ■ Barbosa, Manuel P. Growth, Migration and the Balance of Payments in a Small, Open Economy. New York: Garland, 1984.

   ■ Braga de Macedo, Jorge, and Simon Serfaty, eds. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981.

   ■ Carvalho, Camilo, et al. Sabotagem Econômica: " Dossier" Banco Espírito Santo e Comercial de Lisboa. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Corkill, David. The Development of the Portuguese Economy: A Case of Euro-peanization. London: Routledge, 1999.

   ■ Cravinho, João. "The Portuguese Economy: Constraints and Opportunities." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 111-65. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Dornsbusch, Rudiger, Richard S. Eckhaus, and Lane Taylor. "Analysis and Projection of Macroeconomic Conditions in Portugal." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 299-330. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■ The Economist (London). "On the Edge of Europe: A Survey of Portugal." (June 30, 1981): 3-27.

   ■. "Coming Home: A Survey of Portugal." (May 28, 1988).

   ■. 'The New Iberia: Not Quite Kissing Cousins" [Spain and Portugal]. (May 5, 1990): 21-24.

   ■ Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian and German Marshall Fund of the U.S., eds. II Conferência Internacional sobre e Economia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Hudson, Mark. Portugal to 1993: Investing in a European Future. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit/Special Report No. 11 57/EIU Economic Prospects Series, 1989.

   ■ International Labour Office (ILO). Employment and Basic Needs in Portugal. Geneva: ILO, 1979.

   ■ Kavalsky, Basil, and Surendra Agarwal. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.

   ■ Krugman, Paul, and Jorge Braga de Macedo. "The Economic Consequences of the April 25th Revolution." Economia III (1979): 455-83.

   ■ Lewis, John R., and Alan M. Williams. "The Sines Project: Portugal's Growth Centre or White Elephant?" Town Planning Review 56, 3 (1985): 339-66.

   ■ Makler, Harry M. "The Consequences of the Survival and Revival of the Industrial Bourgeoisie." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 251-83. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Marques, A. La Politique Economique Portugaise dans la Période de la Dictature ( 1926-1974). Doctoral thesis, 3rd cycle, University of Grenoble, France, 1980.

   ■ Martins, B. Sociedades e grupos em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973.

   ■ Mata, Eugenia, and Nuno Valério. História Econômica De Portugal: Uma Perspectiva Global. Lisbon: Edit. Presença, 1994. Murteira, Mário. "The Present Economic Situation: Its Origins and Prospects." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 331-42. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979. OCED. Economic Survey: Portugal: 1988. Paris: OCED, 1988 [see also this series since 1978].

   ■ Pasquier, Albert. L'Economie du Portugal: Données et Problémes de Son Expansion. Paris: Librarie Generale de Droit, 1961. Pereira da Moura, Francisco. Para onde vai e economia portuguesa? Lisbon, 1973.

   ■ Pintado, V. Xavier. Structure and Growth of the Portuguese Economy. Geneva: EFTA, 1964.

   ■ Pitta e Cunha, Paulo. "Portugal and the European Economic Community." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 321-38. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■. "The Portuguese Economic System and Accession to the European Community." In E. Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 281-300. Lisbon, 1985. Porto, Manuel. "Portugal: Twenty Years of Change." In Alan Williams, ed., Southern Europe Transformed, 84-112. London: Harper & Row, 1984. Quarterly Economic Review. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit, 1974-present.

   ■ Salgado de Matos, Luís. Investimentos Estrangeiros em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973 and later eds.

   ■ Schmitt, Hans O. Economic Stabilisation and Growth in Portugal. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 1981.

   ■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992. New York: Camões Center, RIIC, Columbia University, 1989.

   ■ Tillotson, John. The Portuguese Bank Note Case [ 1920s]: Legal, Economic and Financial Approaches to the Measure of Damages in Contract. Manchester, U.K.: Faculty of Law, University of Manchester, 1992.

   ■ Tovias, Alfred. Foreign Economic Relations of the Economic Community: The Impact of Spain and Portugal. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1990.

   ■ Valério, Nuno. A moeda em Portugal, 1913-1947. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1984.

   ■. As Finanças Públicas Portuguesas Entre As Duas Guerras Mundiais. Lisbon: Cosmos, 1994.

   ■ World Bank. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978 and to the present.

   ■ PHOTOGRAPHY ON PORTUGAL

   ■ Alves, Afonso Manuel, Antônio Sacchetti, and Moura Machado. Lisboa. Lisbon, 1991.

   ■ Antunes, José. Lisboa do nosso olhar; A look on Lisbon. Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1991. Beaton, Cecil. Near East. London: Batsford, 1943.

   ■. Lisboa 1942: Cecil Beaton, Lisbon 1942. Lisbon: British Historical Society of Portugal/Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1995.

   ■ Bottineau, Yves. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1957.

   ■ Câmara Municipal de Lisboa. 7 Olhares ( Seven Viewpoints). Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1998.

   ■ Capital, A. Lisboa: Imagens d'A Capital. Lisbon: Edit. Notícias, 1984.

   ■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Photographias de Lisboa, 1900 ( Photographs of Lisbon, 1900). Lisbon: Quimera, 1991.

   ■. Os melhores postais antigos de Lisboa ( The best old postcards of Lisbon). Lisbon: Químera, 1995.

   ■ Finlayson, Graham, and Frank Tuohy. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1970.

   ■ Glassner, Helga. Portugal. Berlin-Zurich: Atlantis-Verlag, 1942. Hopkinson, Amanda, ed. Reflections by Ten Portuguese photographers. Bark-way, U.K.: Frontline/Portugal 600, 1996.

   ■ Lima, Luís Leiria, and Isabel Salema. Lisboa de Pedra e Bronze. Lisbon, 1990.

   ■ Martins, Miguel Gomes. Lisboa ribeirinha ( Riverside Lisbon). Lisbon: Arquivo Municipal, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Livros Horizonte, 1994. Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa ( This Lisbon). Lisbon: Caminho, 1994. Wohl, Hellmut, and Alice Wohl. Portugal. London: Frederick Muller, 1983.

   ■ EQUESTRIANISM

   ■ Andrade, Manoel Carlos de, Luz da Liberal e Nobre Arte da Cavallaria. Lisbon, 1790.

   ■ Graciosa, Filipe. Escola Portuguesa de Arte Equestre. Lisbon, 2004.

   ■ Horsetalk Magazine. Published in New Zealand.

   ■ Oliveira, Nuno. Reflections on the Equestrian Art. London, 2000.

   ■ Russell, Eleanor, ed. The Truth in the Teaching of Nuno Oliveira. Stanhope,

   ■ Queensland, Australia, 2003. Vilaca, Luis V., and Pedro Yglesias d'Oliveira, eds. LUSITANO. Coudelarias De Portugal. O Cavalo ancestral do Sudoeste da Europa. Lisbon: ICONOM, 2005.

   ■ Websites of interest: www.equestrian.pt portugalweb.com

Historical dictionary of Portugal > CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
16 εἰμί

εἰμί (Hom.+) impv. ἴσθι, ἔσο IPol 4:1, ἔστω—also colloq. ἤτω (BGU 276, 24; 419, 13; POxy 533, 9; Ps 103:31; 1 Macc 10:31) 1 Cor 16:22; Js 5:12; 1 Cl 48:5; Hv 3, 3, 4;—3 pers. pl. ἔστωσαν (ins since 200 B.C. Meisterhans³-Schw. 191; PPetr III, 2, 22 [237 B.C.]) Lk 12:35; 1 Ti 3:12; GJs 7:2. Inf. εἶναι. Impf. 1 pers. only mid. ἤμην (Jos., Bell. 1, 389; 631; s. further below); ἦν only Ac 20:18 D, 2 pers. ἦσθα (Jos., Ant. 6, 104) Mt 26:69; Mk 14:67 and ἦς (Lobeck, Phryn. 149 ‘say ἦσθα’; Jos., Ant. 17, 110 al.; Sb 6262, 16 [III A.D.]) Mt 25:21, 23 al., 3 sg. ἦν, 1 pl. ἦμεν. Beside this the mid. form ἤμην (pap since III B.C.; Job 29:16; Tob 12:13 BA), s. above, gives the pl. ἤμεθα (pap since III B.C.; Bar 1:19) Mt 23:30; Ac 27:37; Eph 2:3. Both forms in succession Gal. 4:3. Fut. ἔσομαι, ptc. ἐσόμενος. The mss. vary in choice of act. or mid., but like the edd. lean toward the mid. (W-S. §14, 1; Mlt-H. 201–3; Rob. index; B-D-F §98; Rdm.² 99; 101f; Helbing 108f; Reinhold 86f). Also s. ἔνι.

① be, exist, be on hand a pred. use (for other pred. use s. 3a, 4, 5, 6, 7): of God (Epicurus in Diog. L. 10, 123 θεοί εἰσιν; Zaleucus in Diod S 12, 20, 2 θεοὺς εἶναι; Wsd 12:13; Just., D. 128, 4 angels) ἔστιν ὁ θεός God exists Hb 11:6; cp. 1 Cor 8:5. ὁ ὢν καὶ ὁ ἦν the one who is and who was (cp. SibOr 3, 16; as amulet PMich 155, 3 [II A.D.] ὁ ὢν θεὸς ὁ Ἰάω κύριος παντοκράτωρ=the god … who exists.) Rv 11:17; 16:5. ὁ ὢν καὶ ὁ ἦν καὶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος, in this and the two preceding passages ἦν is treated as a ptc. (for the unusual use of ἦν cp. Simonides 74 D.: ἦν ἑκατὸν φιάλαι) 1:4; 4:8 (cp. Ex 3:14; Wsd 13:1; Paus. 10, 12, 10 Ζεὺς ἦν, Ζ. ἔστι, Ζ. ἔσσεται; cp. Theosophien 18. S. OWeinreich, ARW 19, 1919, 178f). οὐδʼ εἶναι θεὸν παντοκράτορα AcPlCor 1:11. ἐγώ εἰμι (ins in the Athena-Isis temple of Saïs in Plut., Is. et Os. 9, 354c: ἐγώ εἰμι πᾶν τὸ γεγονὸς κ. ὸ̓ν κ. ἐσόμενον. On the role of Isis in Gk. rel. s. IBergman, Ich bin Isis ’68; RMerkelbach, Isis Regina—Zeus Sarapis ’95; for further lit. s. MGustafson in: Prayer fr. Alexander to Constantine, ed. MKiley et al. ’97, 158.) Rv 1:8 (s. ἐγώ beg.). ὁ ὤν, … θεός Ro 9:5 is classed here and taken to mean Christ by JWordsworth ad loc. and HWarner, JTS 48, ’47, 203f. Of the λόγος: ἐν ἀρχῇ ἦν ὁ λ. J 1:1 (for ἦν cp. Herm. Wr. 1, 4; 3, 1b ἦν σκότος, Fgm. IX 1 p. 422, 23 Sc. γέγονεν ἡ ὕλη καὶ ἦν).—Of Christ πρὶν Ἀβραὰμ γενέσθαι, ἐγὼ εἰμί before Abraham was born, I am 8:58 (on the pres. εἰμί cp. Parmenides 8, 5: of the Eternal we cannot say ἦν οὐδʼ ἔσται, only ἔστιν; Ammonius Hermiae [Comm. in Aristotl. IV 5 ed. ABusse 1897] 6 p. 172: in Timaeus we read that we must not say of the gods τὸ ἦν ἢ τὸ ἔσται μεταβολῆς τινος ὄντα σημαντικά, μόνον δὲ τὸ ἔστι=‘was’ or ‘will be’, suggesting change, but only ‘is’; Ps 89:2; DBall, ‘I Am’ in John’s Gospel [JSNT Suppl. 124] ’96).—Of the world πρὸ τοῦ τὸν κόσμον εἶναι before the world existed 17:5. Satirically, of the beast, who parodies the Lamb, ἦν καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν Rv 17:8. Of God’s temple: ἔστιν B 16:6f it exists. τὸ μὴ ὄν that which does not exist, the unreal (Sallust. 17 p. 32, 7 and 9; Philo, Aet. M. 5; 82) Hm 1:1. τὰ ὄντα that which exists contrasted w. τὰ μὴ ὄντα Ro 4:17; cp. 1 Cor 1:28; 2 Cl 1:8. Of God κτίσας ἐκ τοῦ μὴ ὄντος τὰ ὄντα what is out of what is not Hv 1, 1, 6 (on the contrast τὰ ὄντα and τὰ μὴ ὄντα cp. Ps.-Arist. on Xenophanes: Fgm. 21, 28; Artem. 1, 51 p. 49, 19 τὰ μὴ ὄντα ὡς ὄντα; Ocellus Luc. 12; Sallust. 17, 5 p. 30, 28–32, 12; Philo, Op. M. 81; PGM 4, 3077f ποιήσαντα τὰ πάντα ἐξ ὧν οὐκ ὄντων εἰς τὸ εἶναι; 13, 272f τὸν ἐκ μὴ ὄντων εἶναι ποιήσαντα καὶ ἐξ ὄντων μὴ εἶναι; Theoph. Ant. 1, 4 [p. 64, 21] τὰ πάντα ὁ θεὸς ἐποίησεν ἐξ οὐκ ὄντων εἰς τὸ εἶναι).—Of existing in the sense be present, available, provided πολλοῦ ὄχλου ὄντος since a large crowd was present Mk 8:1. ὄντων τῶν προσφερόντων those are provided who offer Hb 8:4. οὔπω ἦν πνεῦμα the Spirit had not yet come J 7:39. ἀκούσας ὄντα σιτία when he heard that grain was available Ac 7:12.—Freq. used to introduce parables and stories (once) there was: ἄνθρωπός τις ἦν πλούσιος there was (once) a rich man Lk 16:1, 19. ἦν ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τ. Φαρισαίων there was a man among the Pharisees J 3:1.—There is, there are ὥσπερ εἰσὶν θεοὶ πολλοί as there are many gods 1 Cor 8:5. διαιρέσεις χαρισμάτων εἰσίν there are various kinds of spiritual gifts 12:4ff; 1J 5:16 al. Neg. οὐκ ἔστι there is (are) not, no (Ps 52:2; Simplicius in Epict. p. 95, 42 as a quot. from ‘tragedy’ οὐκ εἰσὶν θεοί) δίκαιος there is no righteous man Ro 3:10 (Eccl 7:20). ἀνάστασις νεκρῶν οὐκ ἔστιν there is no resurr. of the dead 1 Cor 15:12; οὐδʼ εἶναι ἀνάστασιν AcPlCor 1:12; 2:24; cp. Mt 22:23; Ac 23:8 (cp. 2 Macc 7:14). εἰσὶν οἵ, or οἵτινες there are people who (Hom. et al.; LXX; Just., D. 47, 2 εἰ μήτι εἰσὶν οἱ λέγοντες ὅτι etc.—W. sing. and pl. combined: Arrian, Ind. 24, 9 ἔστι δὲ οἳ διέφυγον=but there are some who escaped) Mt 16:28; 19:12; Mk 9:1; Lk 9:27; J 6:64; Ac 11:20. Neg. οὐδείς ἐστιν ὅς there is no one who Mk 9:39; 10:29; Lk 1:61; 18:29. As a question τίς ἐστιν ὅς; who is there that? Mt 12:11—In an unusual (perh. bureaucratic terminology) participial construction Ac 13:1 ἡ οὖσα ἐκκλησία the congregation there (cp. Ps.-Pla., Eryx. 6, 394c οἱ ὄντες ἄνθρωποι=the people with whom he has to deal; PLond III 1168, 5 p. 136 [18 A.D.] ἐπὶ ταῖς οὔσαις γειτνίαις=on the adjoining areas there; PGen 49; PSI 229, 11 τοῦ ὄντος μηνός of the current month); cp. 14:13.—αἱ οὖσαι (sc. ἐξουσίαι) those that exist Ro 13:1 (cp. UPZ 180a I, 4 [113 B.C.] ἐφʼ ἱερέων καὶ ἱερειῶν τῶν ὄντων καὶ οὐσῶν).

② to be in close connection (with), is, freq. in statements of identity or equation, as a copula, the equative function, uniting subject and predicate. On absence of the copula, Mlt-Turner 294–310.

ⓐ gener. πραΰς εἰμι I am gentle Mt 11:29. ἐγώ εἰμι Γαβριήλ Lk 1:19. σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ Mk 3:11; J 1:49 and very oft. ἵνα … ὁ πονηρὸς … ἐλεγχθῇ [το? s. app. in Bodm.] μὴ ὢν θεός AcPlCor 2:15 (Just., D. 3, 3 φιλολόγος οὖν τις εἶ σύ).—The pred. can be supplied fr. the context: καὶ ἐσμέν and we are (really God’s children) 1J 3:1 (Eur., Ion 309 τ. θεοῦ καλοῦμαι δοῦλος εἰμί τε. Dio Chrys. 14 [31], 58 θεοφιλεῖς οἱ χρηστοὶ λέγονται καὶ εἰσίν; Epict. 2, 16, 44 Ἡρακλῆς ἐπιστεύθη Διὸς υἱὸς εἶναι καὶ ἦν.—The ptc. ὤν, οὖσα, ὄν used w. a noun or adj.and serving as an if-, since-, or although-clause sim. functions as a copula πονηροὶ ὄντες Mt 7:11; 12:34.—Lk 20:36; J 3:4; 4:9; Ac 16:21; Ro 5:10; 1 Cor 8:7; Gal 2:3 al.).—W. adv. of quality: οὕτως εἶναι be so preceded by ὥσπερ, καθώς or followed by ὡς, ὥσπερ Mt 13:40; 24:27, 37, 39; Mk 4:26; Lk 17:26. W. dat. of pers. οὕτως ἔσται ὁ υἱὸς τ. ἀ. τῇ γενεᾷ ταύτῃ so the Human One (Son of Man) will be for this generation 11:30. εἰμὶ ὡσ/ὥσπερ I am like Mt 6:5; Lk 18:11. W. dat. ἔστω σοι ὥσπερ τελώνης he shall be to you as a tax-collector Mt 18:17. εἰμὶ ὥς τις I am like someone of outward and inward similarity 28:3; Lk 6:40; 11:44; 22:27 al. καθώς εἰμι as I am Ac 22:3; 1J 3:2, 7; 4:17.—W. demonstr. pron. (Just., A I, 16, 1 ἃ ἔφη, ταῦτά ἐστι: foll. by a quotation; sim. 48, 5 ἔστι δὲ ταῦτα; and oft.) τὰ ὀνόματά ἐστιν ταῦτα Mt 10:2. αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ μαρτυρία J 1:19. W. inf. foll. θρησκεία αὕτη ἐστίν, ἐπισκέπτεσθαι Js 1:27. W. ὅτι foll. αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ κρίσις, ὅτι τὸ φῶς ἐλήλυθεν J 3:19; cp. 21:24; 1J 1:5; 3:11; 5:11. W. ἵνα foll. τοῦτό ἐστιν τὸ ἔργον, ἵνα πιστεύητε J 6:29; cp. vs. 39f; 15:12; 17:3; 1J 3:11, 23; 5:3. W. τηλικοῦτος: τὰ πλοῖα, τηλικαῦτα ὄντα though they are so large Js 3:4. W. τοσοῦτος: τοσοῦτων ὄντων although there were so many J 21:11. W. τοιοῦτος: τοιοῦτος ὤν Phlm 9 (cp. Just., A I, 18, 4 ὅσα ἄλλα τοιαῦτά ἐστι).—W. interrog. pron. ὑμεῖς τίνα με λέγετε εἶναι; who do you say I am? Mt 16:15; cp. 21:10; Mk 1:24; 4:41; 8:27, 29; Lk 4:34 al.; σὺ τίς εἶ; J 1:19; 8:25; 21:12 al. (cp. JosAs 14:6 τίς εἶ συ tell me ‘who you are’). σὺ τίς εἶ ὁ κρίνων; (Pla., Gorg. 452b; Strabo 6, 2, 4 σὺ τίς εἶ ὁ τὸν Ὅμηρον ψέγων ὡς μυθογράφον;) Ro 14:4; ἐγὼ τίς ἤμην; (cp. Ex 3:11) Ac 11:17; τίς εἰμι ἐγὼ ὅτι who am I, that GJs 12:2 (Ex 3:11). W. πόσος: πόσος χρόνος ἐστίν; how long a time? Mk 9:21. W. ποταπός of what sort Lk 1:29.—W. relative pron. οἷος 2 Cor 10:11; ὁποῖος Ac 26:29; 1 Cor 3:13; Gal 2:6; ὅς Rv 1:19; ὅστις Gal 5:10, 19.—W. numerals ἦσαν οἱ φαγόντες πεντακισχίλιοι ἄνδρες 6:44 (cp. Polyaenus 7, 25 ἦσαν οἱ πεσόντες ἀνδρῶν μυριάδες δέκα); cp. Ac 19:7; 23:13. Λάζαρος εἷς ἦν ἐκ τῶν ἀνακειμένων L. was one of those at the table J 12:2; cp. Gal 3:20; Js 2:19. τῶν πιστευσάντων ἦν καρδία καὶ ψυχὴ μία Ac 4:32. εἷς εἶναι be one and the same Gal 3:28. ἓν εἶναι be one J 10:30; 17:11, 21ff; 1 Cor 3:8.—οὐδʼ εἶναι τὴν πλάσιν τὴν τῶν ἀνθρώπων τοῦ θεοῦ (that) the creation of humankind is not God’s doing AcPlCor 1:13.—To establish identity the formula ἐγώ εἰμι is oft. used in the gospels (corresp. to Hebr. אֲנִי הוּא Dt 32:39; Is 43:10), in such a way that the predicate must be understood fr. the context: Mt 14:27; Mk 6:50; 13:6; 14:62; Lk 22:70; J 4:26; 6:20; 8:24, 28; 13:19; 18:5f and oft.; s. on ἐγώ.—In a question μήτι ἐγώ εἰμι; surely it is not I? Mt 26:22, 25.

ⓑ to describe a special connection betw. the subject and a predicate noun ἡμεῖς ναὸς θεοῦ ἐσμεν ζῶντος we are a temple of the living God 2 Cor 6:16. ἡ ἐπιστολὴ ὑμεῖς ἐστε you are our letter (of recommendation) 3:2. σφραγίς μου τῆς ἀποστολῆς ὑμεῖς ἐστε you are the seal of my apostleship 1 Cor 9:2 and oft.

ⓒ in explanations:

α. to show how someth. is to be understood is a representation of, is the equivalent of; εἰμί here, too, serves as copula; we usually translate mean, so in the formula τοῦτʼ ἔστιν this or that means, that is to say (Epict., Ench. 33, 10; Arrian, Tact. 29, 3; SIG 880, 50; PFlor 157, 4; PSI 298, 9; PMert 91, 9; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 16; ApcMos 19; Just., D. 56, 23; 78, 3 al.) Mk 7:2; Ac 19:4; Ro 7:18; 9:8; 10:6, 8; Phlm 12; Hb 7:5 al.; in the sense that is (when translated) (Polyaenus 8, 14, 1 Μάξιμος ἀνηγορεύθη• τοῦτο δʼ ἄν εἴη Μέγιστον) Mt 27:46; Ac 1:19. So also w. relative pron.: ὅ ἐστιν Mk 3:17; 7:11, 34; Hb 7:2. After verbs of asking, recognizing, knowing and not knowing (Antiphanes Com. 231, 1f τὸ ζῆν τί ἐστι;) μάθετε τί ἐστιν learn what (this) means Mt 9:13. εἰ ἐγνώκειτε τί ἐστιν 12:7; cp. Mk 1:27; 9:10; Lk 20:17; J 16:17f; Eph 4:9. W. an indir. question (Stephan. Byz. s.v. Ἀγύλλα: τὶς ἠρώτα τί ἂν εἴη τὸ ὄνομα) τί ἂν εἴη ταῦτα Lk 15:26; τί εἴη τοῦτο 18:36. τίνα θέλει ταῦτα εἶναι what this means Ac 17:20; cp. 2:12, where the question is not about the mng. of terms but the significance of what is happening.—Esp. in interpr. of the parables (Artem. 1, 51 p. 48, 26 ἄρουρα οὐδὲν ἄλλο ἐστὶν ἢ γυνή=field means nothing else than woman) ὁ ἀγρός ἐστιν ὁ κόσμος the field means the world Mt 13:38; cp. vss. 19f, 22f; Mk 4:15f, 18, 20; Lk 8:11ff (cp. Gen 41:26f; Ezk 37:11; Ath. 22, 4 [Stoic interpr. of myths]). On τοῦτό ἐστιν τὸ σῶμά μου Mt 26:26; Mk 14:22; Lk 22:19 and its various interpretations, see lit. s.v. εὐχαριστία. Cp. Hipponax (VI B.C.) 45 Diehl αὕτη γάρ ἐστι συμφορή=this means misfortune.

β. to be of relative significance, be of moment or importance, amount to someth. w. indef. pron. εἰδωλόθυτόν τί ἐστιν meat offered to idols means anything 1 Cor 10:19. Esp. εἰμί τι I mean someth. of pers. 1 Cor 3:7; Gal 2:6; 6:3; and of things vs. 15. εἰμί τις Ac 5:36.—Of no account ἐμοὶ εἰς ἐλάχιστόν ἐστιν (telescoped fr. ἐλάχ. ἐστιν and εἰς ἐλάχ. γίνεται, of which there are many exx. in Schmid, I 398; II 161, 237; III 281; IV 455) it is of little or no importance to me 1 Cor 4:3.

③ be in reference to location, persons, condition, or time, be

ⓐ of various relations or positions involving a place or thing: w. ἀπό: εἶναι ἀπό τινος be or come from a certain place (X., An. 2, 4, 13) J 1:44.—W. ἐν: ἐν τοῖς τ. πατρός μου in my father’s house Lk 2:49 (cp. Jos., Ant. 16, 302 καταγωγὴ ἐν τοῖς Ἀντιπάτρου). ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ on the way Mk 10:32. ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ Mt 24:26. ἐν ἀγρῷ Lk 15:25. ἐν δεξιᾷ τ. θεοῦ at God’s right hand Ro 8:34; in heaven Eph 6:9.—W. εἰς: τὴν κοίτην Lk 11:7; τὸν κόλπον J1:18.—W. ἐπὶ w. gen. be on someth. of place, roof Lk 17:31; head J 20:7 (cp. 1 Macc 1:59); also fig., of one who is over someone (1 Macc 10:69; Jdth 14:13 ὁ ὢν ἐπὶ πάντων τῶν αὐτοῦ) Ro 9:5 (of the angel of death Mel., P. 20, 142 ἐπὶ τῶν πρωτοτόκων); also ἐπάνω τινός J 3:31.—W. dat. be at someth. the door Mt 24:33; Mk 13:29.—W. acc. be on someone: grace Lk 2:40; Ac 4:33; spirit (Is 61:1) Lk 2:25; εἶναι ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτό be in the same place, together (Gen 29:2 v.l.) Ac 1:15; 2:1, 44; 1 Cor 7:5.—W. κατά w. acc. εἶναι κατὰ τὴν Ἰουδαίαν be in Judea Ac 11:1; εἶναι ἐν Ἀντιοχείᾳ κατὰ τὴν οὖσαν ἐκκλησίαν were at Antioch in the congregation there 13:1.—W. ὑπό w. acc. τι or τινα of place be under someth. J 1:48; 1 Cor 10:1.—W. παρά w. acc. παρὰ τὴν θάλασσαν by the sea- (i.e. lake-) shore Mk 5:21; Ac 10:6.—W. πρός τι be close to, facing someth. Mk 4:1.—W. adv. of place ἐγγύς τινι near someth. Ac 9:38; 27:8. μακρὰν (ἀπό) Mk 12:34; J 21:8; Eph 2:13; also πόρρω Lk 14:32. χωρίς τινος without someth. Hb 12:8. ἐνθάδε Ac 16:28. ἔσω J 20:26. ἀπέναντί τινος Ro 3:18 (Ps 35:2). ἐκτός τινος 1 Cor 6:18; ἀντίπερά τινος Lk 8:26; ὁμοῦ J 21:2; οὗ Mt 2:9; ὅπου Mk 2:4; 5:40. ὧδε Mt 17:4; Mk 9:5; Lk 9:33. Also w. fut. mng. (ESchwartz, GGN 1908, 161 n.; on the fut. use of the pres. cp. POxy 531, 22 [II A.D.] ἔστι δὲ τοῦ Τῦβι μηνὸς σοὶ ὸ̔ θέλεις) ὅπου εἰμί J 7:34, 36; 12:26; 14:3; 17:24. As pred., to denote a relatively long stay at a place, stay, reside ἴσθι ἐκεῖ stay there Mt 2:13, cp. vs. 15; ἐπʼ ἐρήμοις τόποις in lonely places Mk 1:45; ἦν παρὰ τὴν θάλασσαν he stayed by the lakeside 5:21.

ⓑ involving humans or transcendent beings: w. adv. ἔμπροσθέν τινος Lk 14:2. ἔναντί τινος Ac 8:21; ἐνώπιόν τινος Lk 14:10; Ac 4:19; 1 Pt 3:4; Rv 7:15; ἐντός τινος Lk 17:21; ἐγγύς τινος J 11:18; 19:20; Ro 10:8 (Dt 30:14).—W. prep. ἐν τινί equiv. to ἔκ τινος εἶναι be among Mt 27:56; cp. Mk 15:40; Ro 1:6. Of God, who is among his people 1 Cor 14:25 (Is 45:14; Jer 14:9); of the Spirit J 14:17. Of persons under Christ’s direction: ἐν θεῷ 1J 2:5; 5:20 (s. Norden, Agn. Th. 23, 1). ἔν τινι rest upon, arise from someth. (Aristot., Pol. 7, 1, 3 [1323b, 1] ἐν ἀρετῇ; Sir 9:16) Ac 4:12; 1 Cor 2:5; Eph 5:18.—εἴς τινα be directed, inclined toward Ac 23:30; 2 Cor 7:15; 1 Pt 1:21.—κατά w. gen. be against someone (Sir 6:12) Mt 12:30; Mk 9:40 and Lk 9:50 (both opp. ὑπέρ); Gal 5:23.—σύν τινι be with someone (Jos., Ant. 7, 181) Lk 22:56; 24:44; Ac 13:7; accompany, associate w. someone Lk 8:38; Ac 4:13; 22:9; take sides with someone (X., Cyr. 5, 4, 37; 7, 5, 77; Jos., Ant. 11, 259 [of God]) Ac 14:4.—πρός τινα be with someone Mt 13:56; Mk 6:3; J 1:1f. I am to be compared w. IMg 12.—μετά and gen. be with someone (Judg 14:11) Mt 17:17; Mk 3:14; 5:18; J 3:26; 12:17; ἔστω μεθʼ ὑμῶν εἰρήνη AcPlCor 2:40; of God, who is with someone (Gen 21:20; Judg 6:13 al.; Philo, Det. Pot. Ins. 4; Jos., Ant. 6, 181; 15, 138) Lk 1:66; J 3:2; 8:29; Ac 10:38 al.; also be with in the sense be favorable to, in league with (Ex 23:2) Mt 12:30; Lk 11:23; of punishment attending a pers. τὸ πῦρ ἐστι μετʼ αὐτοῦ AcPlCor 2:37.—παρά and gen. come from someone (X., An. 2, 4, 15; Just., D. 8, 4 ἔλεος παρὰ θεοῦ) fr. God J 6:46; 7:29; w. dat. be with, among persons Mt 22:25; Ac 10:6. W. neg. be strange to someone, there is no … in someone Ro 2:11; 9:14; Eph 6:9.—ὑπέρ w. gen. be on one’s side Mk 9:4 and Lk 9:50 (both opp. κατά); w. acc. be superior to (Sir 25:10; 30:16) Lk 6:40.

ⓒ of condition or circumstance: κατά w. acc. live in accordance with (Sir 28:10; 43:8; 2 Macc 9:20) κατὰ σάκρα, πνεῦμα Ro 8:5. οὐκ ἔστιν κατὰ ἄνθρωπον not human (in origin) Gal 1:11.—Fig. ὑπό w. acc. be under (the power of) someth. Ro 3:9; 6:14f; Gal 3:10, 25.—W. ἐν of existing ἐν τῷ θεῷ εἶναι of humankind: have its basis of existence in God Ac 17:28. Of states of being: ἐν δόξῃ 2 Cor 3:8; ἐν εἰρήνῃ Lk 11:21; ἐν ἔχθρᾳ at enmity 23:12; ἐν κρίματι under condemnation vs. 40. ἐν ῥύσει αἵματος suffer from hemorrhages Mk 5:25; Lk 8:43 (cp. Soph., Aj. 271 ἦν ἐν τῇ νόσῳ; cp. TestJob 35:1 ἐν πληγαῖς πολλαῖς). Periphrastically for an adj. ἐν ἐξουσίᾳ authoritative Lk 4:32. ἐν βάρει important 1 Th 2:7. ἐν τῇ πίστει true believers, believing 2 Cor 13:5. Be involved in someth. ἐν ἑορτῇ be at the festival=take part in it J 2:23. ἐν τούτοις ἴσθι devote yourself to these things 1 Ti 4:15 (cp. X., Hell. 4, 8, 7 ἐν τοιούτοις ὄντες=occupied w. such things; Jos., Ant. 2, 346 ἐν ὕμνοις ἦσαν=they occupied themselves w. the singing of hymns).—Fig., live in the light 1J 2:9; cp. vs. 11; 1 Th 5:4; in the flesh Ro 7:5; 8:8; AcPlCor 1:6. ἐν οἷς εἰμι in the situation in which I find myself Phil 4:11 (X., Hell. 4, 2, 1; Diod S 12, 63, 5; 12, 66, 4; Appian, Hann. 55 §228 ἐν τούτοις ἦν=he was in this situation; Jos., Ant. 7, 232 ἐν τούτοις ἦσαν=found themselves in this sit.; TestJob 35:6 ἐν τίνι ἐστίν; s. ZPE VIII 170). ἐν πολλοῖς ὢν ἀστοχήμασι AcPlCor 2:1. Of characteristics, emotions, etc. ἔν τινί ἐστιν, e.g. ἀδικία J 7:18; ἄγνοια Eph 4:18; ἀλήθεια J 8:44; 2 Cor 11:10 (cp. 1 Macc 7:18); ἁμαρτία 1J 3:5.

ⓓ of time ἐγγύς of καιρός be near Mt 26:18; Mk 13:28. πρὸς ἑσπέραν ἐστίν it is toward evening Lk 24:29 (Just., D. 137, 4 πρὸς δυσμὰς … ὁ ἥλιός ἐστι).

④ to be alive in a period of time, live, denoting temporal existence (Hom., Trag., Thu. et al.; Sir 42:21; En 102:5 Philo, De Jos. 17; Jos., Ant. 7, 254) εἰ ἤμεθα ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις τῶν πατέρων ἡμῶν if we had lived in the days of our fathers Mt 23:30. ὅτι οὐκ εἰσὶν because they were no more 2:18 (Jer 38:15). ἦσαν ἐπὶ χρόνον ἱκανόν (those who were healed and raised by Christ) remained alive for quite some time Qua.

⑤ to be the time at which someth. takes place w. indications of specific moments or occasions, be (X., Hell. 4, 5, 1, An. 4, 3, 8; Sus 13 Theod.; 1 Macc 6:49; 2 Macc 8:26; Jos., Ant. 6, 235 νουμηνία δʼ ἦν; 11, 251): ἦν ὥρα ἕκτη it was the sixth hour (=noon acc. to Jewish reckoning) Lk 23:44; J 4:6; 19:14.—Mk 15:25; J 1:39. ἦν ἑσπέρα ἤδη it was already evening Ac 4:3. πρωί̈ J 18:28. ἦν παρασκευή Mk 15:42. ἦν ἑορτὴ τῶν Ἰουδαίων J 5:1. σάββατόν ἐστιν vs. 10 et al. Short clauses (as Polyaenus 4, 9, 2 νὺξ ἦν; 7, 44, 2 πόλεμος ἦν; exc. 36, 8 ἦν ἀρίστου ὥρα; Jos., Ant. 19, 248 ἔτι δὲ νὺξ ἦν) χειμὼν ἦν J 10:22; ἦν δὲ νύξ (sim. Jos., Bell. 4, 64) 13:30; ψύχος it was cold 18:18; καύσων ἔσται it will be hot Lk 12:55.

⑥ to take place as a phenomenon or event, take place, occur, become, be, be in (Hom., Thu. et al.; LXX; En 104:5; 106:6.—Cp. Just., D. 82, 2 of Christ’s predictions ὅπερ καὶ ἔστι ‘which is in fact the case’.) ἔσται θόρυβος τοῦ λαοῦ a popular uprising Mk 14:2. γογγυσμὸς ἦν there was (much) muttering J 7:12. σχίσμα there was a division 9:16; 1 Cor 1:10; 12:25. ἔριδες … εἰσίν quarrels are going on 1:11. δεῖ αἱρέσεις εἶναι 11:19. θάνατος, πένθος, κραυγή, πόνος ἔσται Rv 21:4. ἔσονται λιμοὶ κ. σεισμοί Mt 24:7. Hence τὸ ἐσόμενον what was going to happen (Sir 48:25) Lk 22:49. πότε ταῦτα ἔσται; when will this happen? Mt 24:3. πῶς ἔσται τοῦτο; how can this be? Lk 1:34. Hebraistically (הָיָה; s. KBeyer, Semitische Syntax im NT, ’62, 63–65) καὶ ἔσται w. fut. of another verb foll. and it will come about that Ac 2:17 (Jo 3:1); 3:23 (w. δέ); Ro 9:26 (Hos 2:1).—W. dat. ἐστί τινι happen, be granted, come, to someone (X., An. 2, 1, 10; Jos., Ant. 11, 255; Just., D. 8, 4 σοὶ … ἔλεος ἔσται παρὰ θεοῦ) Mt 16:22; Mk 11:24; Lk 2:10; GJs 1:1; 4:3; 8:3; τί ἐστίν σοι τοῦτο, ὅτι what is the matter with you, that GJs 17:2.—Of becoming or turning into someth. become someth. εἰς χολὴν πικρίας εἶναι become bitter gall Ac 8:23. εἰς σάρκα μίαν Mt 19:5; Mk 10:8; 1 Cor 6:16; Eph 5:31 (all Gen 2:24. Cp. Syntipas p. 42, 24 οὐκ ἔτι ἔσομαι μετὰ σοῦ εἰς γυναῖκα); τὰ σκολιὰ εἰς εὐθείας Lk 3:5 (Is 40:4); εἰς πατέρα 2 Cor 6:18; Hb 1:5 (2 Km 7:14; 1 Ch 22:10; 28:6); εἰς τὸ ἕν 1J 5:8.— Serve as someth. (IPriene 50, 39 [c. II B.C.] εἶναι εἰς φυλακὴν τ. πόλεως; Aesop., Fab. 28 H.=18 P.; 26 Ch.; 18 H-H. εἰς ὠφέλειαν; Gen 9:13; s. also εἰς 4d) 1 Cor 14:22; Col 2:22; Js 5:3.—Of something being ἀνεκτότερον ἔσται it will be more tolerable τινί for someone Lk 10:12, 14.

⑦ to exist as possibility ἔστιν w. inf. foll. it is possible, one can (Περὶ ὕψους 6; Diog. L. 1, 110 ἔστιν εὑρεῖν=one can find; Just., A I, 59, 10 ἔστι ταῦτα ἀκοῦσαι καὶ μαθεῖν; D. 42, 3 ἰδεῖν al.; Mel., P. 19, 127); neg. οὐκ ἔστιν νῦν λέγειν it is not possible to speak at this time Hb 9:5. οὐκ ἔστιν φαγεῖν it is impossible to eat 1 Cor 11:20 (so Hom. et al.; UPZ 70, 23 [152/151 B.C.] οὐκ ἔστι ἀνακύψαι με πώποτε … ὑπὸ τῆς αἰσχύνης; 4 Macc 13:5; Wsd 5:10; Sir 14:16; 18:6; EpJer 49 al.; EpArist 163; Jos., Ant. 2, 335; Ath. 22, 3 ἔστιν εἰπεῖν).

⑧ to have a point of derivation or origin, be,/come from somewhere ἐκ τῆς ἐξουσίας Ἡρῴδου from Herod’s jurisdiction Lk 23:7; ἐκ Ναζαρέτ (as an insignificant place) J 1:46; ἐκ τῆς γῆς 3:31; ἐκ γυναικός 1 Cor 11:8 al. ἐξ οὐρανοῦ, ἐξ ἀνθρώπων be of heavenly (divine), human descent Mt 21:25; Mk 11:30; Lk 20:4. Be generated by (cp. Sb 8141, 21f [ins I B.C.] οὐδʼ ἐκ βροτοῦ ἤεν ἄνακτος, ἀλλὰ θεοῦ μεγάλου ἔκγονος; En 106:6) Mt 1:20. Esp. in Johannine usage ἐκ τοῦ διαβόλου εἶναι originate from the devil J 8:44; 1J 3:8. ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ 3:12; ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου J 15:19; 17:14, 16; 1J 4:5. ἐκ τῆς ἀληθείας εἶναι 2:21; J 18:37 etc. Cp. 9 end.

⑨ to belong to someone or someth. through association or genetic affiliation, be, belong w. simple gen. (X., Hell. 2, 4, 36; Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 33, 230 τῶν Πυθαγορείων) οἱ τῆς ὁδοῦ ὄντες those who belong to the Way Ac 9:2. εἰμὶ Παύλου I belong to Paul 1 Cor 1:12; 3:4; cp. Ro 8:9; 2 Cor 10:7; 1 Ti 1:20; Ac 23:6. ἡμέρας εἶναι belong to the day 1 Th 5:8, cp. vs. 5. W. ἔκ τινος 1 Cor 12:15f; Mt 26:73; Mk 14:69f; Lk 22:58 al. (cp. X., Mem. 3, 6, 17; oft LXX). ἐκ τοῦ ἀριθμοῦ τῶν δώδεκα belong to the twelve 22:3. ὅς ἐστιν ἐξ ὑμῶν who is a fellow-countryman of yours Col 4:9.—To belong through origin 2 Cor 4:7. Of Mary: ἦν τῆς φυλῆς τοῦ Δαυίδ was of David’s line GJs 10:1. Cp. 8 above.

⑩ to have someth. to do with someth. or someone, be. To denote a close relationship ἐξ ἔργων νόμου εἶναι rely on legal performance Gal 3:10. ὁ νόμος οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ πίστεως the law has nothing to do with faith vs. 12.—To denote a possessor Mt 5:3, 10; l9:14; Mk 12:7; Lk 18:16; 1 Cor 6:19. Esp. of God who owns the Christian Ac 27:23; 1 Cor 3:23; 2 Ti 2:19 (Num 16:5). οὐδʼ εἶναι τὸν κόσμον θεοῦ, ἀλλὰ ἀγγέλων AcPlCor 1:15 (cp. Just., A II, 13, 4 ὅσα … καλῶς εἴρηται, ἡμῶν τῶν χριστιανῶν ἐστι).—W. possess. pron. ὑμετέρα ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία Lk 6:20. οὐκ ἔστιν ἐμὸν δοῦναι Mk 10:40 (cp. Just., A I, 4, 2 ὑμέτερον ἀγωνιᾶσαί ἐστι ‘it is a matter for your concern’).—To denote function (X., An. 2, 1, 4) οὐχ ὑμῶν ἐστιν it is no concern of yours Ac 1:7—Of quality παιδεία οὐ δοκεῖ χαρᾶς εἶναι discipline does not seem to be (partake of) joy Hb 12:11.—10:39.

⑪ as an auxiliary: very commonly the simple tense forms are replaced by the periphrasis εἶναι and the ptc. (B-D-F §352–55; Mlt. 225–27, 249; Mlt-H. 451f; Rdm.² 102, 105, 205; Kühner-G. I 38ff; Rob. 374–76, 1119f; CTurner, Marcan Usage: JTS 28, 1927 349–51; GKilpatrick, BT 7, ’56, 7f; very oft. LXX).

ⓐ (as in Hom et al.) w. the pf. ptc. to express the pf., plpf. and fut. pf. act. and pass. (s. Mayser 329; 377) ἦσαν ἐληλυθότες they had come Lk 5:17. ἦν αὐτῶν ἡ καρδία πεπωρωμένη their hearts were hardened Mk 6:52. ἠλπικότες ἐσμέν we have set our hope 1 Cor 15:19. ὁ καιρὸς συνεσταλμένος ἐστίν the time has become short 7:29. ἦν ἑστώς (En 12:3) he was standing (more exactly he took his stand) Lk 5:1.

ⓑ w. pres. ptc. (B-D-F §353).

α. to express the pres. ἐστὶν προσαναπληροῦσα τὰ ὑστερήματα supplies the wants 2 Cor 9:12 (Just., A I, 26, 5 Μαρκίων … καὶ νῦν ἔτι ἐστὶ διδάσκων; Mel., P. 61, 441 ἐστὶν … κηρυσσόμενον).

β. impf. or aor. ἦν καθεύδων he was sleeping Mk 4:38. ἦσαν ἀναβαίνοντες … ἦν προάγων 10:32; cp. Lk 1:22; 5:17; 11:14 al. (JosAs 1:3 ἦν συνάγων τὸν σίτον; Mel., P. 80, 580 ἦσθα εὐφραινόμενος). ἦν τὸ φῶς τὸ ἀλήθινόν … ἐρχόμενον εἰς τὸν κόσμον the true light entered the world J 1:9, w. ἦν introducing a statement in dramatic contrast to the initial phrase of vs. 8.—To denote age (Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 1, 2 al. Jac.; POxy 275, 9 [66 A.D.] οὐδέπω ὄντα τῶν ἐτῶν; Tob 14:11) Mk 5:42; Lk 3:23; Ac 4:22; GJs 12:3.—Mussies 304–6.

γ. fut. ἔσῃ σιωπῶν you will be silent Lk 1:20; cp. 5:10; Mt 24:9; Mk 13:13; Lk 21:17, 24 al.; 2 Cl 17:7 Bihlm. (the child) shall serve him (God).

ⓒ w. aor. ptc. as plpf. (Aelian, NA 7, 11; Hippiatr. 34, 14, vol. I p. 185, 3 ἦν σκευάσας; ISyriaW 2070b ἦν κτίσας; AcThom 16; 27 [Aa II/2 p. 123, 2f; p. 142, 10]; B-D-F §355 m.—JVogeser, Z. Sprache d. griech. Heiligenlegenden, diss. Munich 1907, 14; JWittmann, Sprachl. Untersuchungen zu Cosmas Indicopleustes, diss. Munich 1913, 20; SPsaltes, Gramm. d. byzant. Chroniken 1913, 230; Björck [διδάσκω end] 75; B-D-F §355). ἦν βληθείς had been thrown Lk 23:19; J 18:30 v.l.—GPt 6:23; 12:51. (Cp. Just., A II, 10, 2 διʼ εὑρέσεως … ἐστὶ πονηθέντα αὐτοῖς ‘they achieved through investigation’).

ⓓ Notice esp. the impersonals δέον ἐστίν it is necessary (Pla. et al.; POxy 727, 19; Sir praef. ln. 3; 1 Macc 12:11 δέον ἐστὶν καὶ πρέπον) Ac 19:36; εἰ δέον ἐστίν if it must be 1 Pt 1:6 (s. δεῖ 2a); 1 Cl 34:2; πρέπον ἐστίν it is appropriate (Pla. et al.; POxy 120, 24; 3 Macc 7:13) Mt 3:15; 1 Cor 11:13.

ⓔ In many cases the usage w. the ptc. serves to emphasize the duration of an action or condition (BGU 183, 25 ἐφʼ ὸ̔ν χρόνον ζῶσα ᾖ Σαταβούς); JosAs 2:1 ἦν … ἐξουθενοῦσα καὶ καταπτύουσα πάντα ἄνδρα). ἦν διδάσκων he customarily taught Mk 1:22; Lk 4:31; 19:47. ἦν θέλων he cherished the wish 23:8. ἦσαν νηστεύοντες they were keeping the fast Mk 2:18. ἦσαν συλλαλοῦντες they were conversing for a while 9:4. ἦν προσδεχόμενος he was waiting for (the kgdm.) 15:43. ἦν συγκύπτουσα she was bent over Lk 13:11.

ⓕ to emphasize the adjectival idea inherent in the ptc. rather than the concept of action expressed by the finite verb ζῶν εἰμι I am alive Rv 1:18. ἦν ὑποτασσόμενος he was obedient Lk 2:51. ἦν ἔχων κτήματα πολλά he was very rich Mt 19:22; Mk 10:22. ἴσθι ἐξουσίαν ἔχων you shall have authority Lk 19:17 (Lucian, Tim. 35 ἴσθι εὐδαιμονῶν). ἦν καταλλάσσων (God) was reconciling 2 Cor 5:19 (cp. Mel., P. 83, 622 οὗτος ἦν ὁ ἐκλεξάμενός σε; Ath. 15, 2 οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ … καρπούμενος).—LMcGaughy, Toward a Descriptive Analysis of ΕΙΝΑΙ as a Linking Verb in the Gk. NT, diss. Vanderbilt, ’70 (s. esp. critique of treatment of εἰμί in previous edd. of this lexicon pp. 12–15).—Mlt. 228. B. 635. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > εἰμί
17 atractivo

adj.

1 attractive, nice-looking, good-looking, inviting.

2 personable.

m.

1 attraction, appeal, charm, grace.

2 attractor, attracter.

3 attraction, turnon, turn-on.

* * *

atractivo

► adjetivo

1 attractive, charming, appealing

► nombre masculino atractivo

1 attraction, charm, appeal

■ el nuevo modelo tiene mucho atractivo the new model is very attractive

————————

atractivo

► nombre masculino

1 attraction, charm, appeal

■ el nuevo modelo tiene mucho atractivo the new model is very attractive

* * *
1. (f. - atractiva)
adj.

attractive
2. noun m.
attraction, appeal

* * *

1.

ADJ attractive

2.

SM attractiveness, appeal

* * *
I
- va adjetivo attractive
II
masculino charm, attractiveness

tiene mucho atractivo — she's very charming

el mayor atractivo de la ciudad — the city's main attraction o appeal

la oferta no tiene ningún atractivo para mí — I don't find the offer at all attractive

* * *
I
- va adjetivo attractive
II
masculino charm, attractiveness

tiene mucho atractivo — she's very charming

el mayor atractivo de la ciudad — the city's main attraction o appeal

la oferta no tiene ningún atractivo para mí — I don't find the offer at all attractive

* * *

atractivo¹

¹ = appeal, attractiveness, beauty, allure, drawing power, draw, pull factor, attraction, turn-on.

Ex: Indeed, if they are not successful in finding ways of renewing their original purpose and appeal, they are on their way to dissolution and displacement.

Ex: It is therefore one of the librarian's prime tasks to preserve the attractiveness of the stock for as long as possible.

Ex: The digital form in which we will send information through the network is one of the beauties of modern technology.

Ex: The article is entitled 'The perilous allure of moral imperativism'.

Ex: Nearly all librarians were enthusiastic about the drawing power of public access computers in spite of the drawbacks such as theft, noise and crowding.

Ex: The draw of earning up to 30 pounds per cadaver without risking life or limb proved too tempting for some of the more barbarous resurrectionists, however, leading them to commit murder.

Ex: Unsurprisingly such misuse is triggered by push factors, such as fear of failure, and also pull factors, such as ease of use and the ubiquitous cut and paste.

Ex: Subject-type title indexes have two important attractions.

Ex: Dr. James Houran discusses the different ways men and women show affection and addresses the top turn-ons and turn-offs with men and women.

* atractivo de la novedad = novelty appeal, novelty value.

* atractivo físico = physical attractiveness, physical appeal.

* atractivo novedoso = novelty appeal.

* atractivo sexual = sexiness, mojo, sex appeal.

* atractivo visual = visual appeal.

* perder el atractivo = lose + Posesivo + allure, lose + Posesivo + savour.

atractivo²

² = attractive, glamorous, glossy [glossier -comp., glossiest -sup.], inviting, appetising [appetizing, -USA], handsome [handsomer -comp., handsomest -sup.], engaging, dashing, personable, arresting, magnetic, enticing, good looking, winning, appealing, endearing, fancied, sizzling, glam, comely [comelier -comp., comeliest -sup.].

Ex: A particularly attractive feature of the notation is the expressiveness of the notation.

Ex: Service is perhaps not a very glamorous concept, but we are nevertheless a service profession = El servicio quizás no es un concepto muy atractivo, pero no obstante somos una profesión dedicada al servicio.

Ex: On the other hand, credibility relates less to glossy brochure futuristics than to tested areas of application.

Ex: An easy and inviting route to the entrance needs to be unambiguously defined.

Ex: This is not a very appetizing thought for anyone who wishes to play a key role in the operations of the library.

Ex: All these novels are about young women meeting handsome men, at first disliking them and then discovering that they love them, with the inescapable 'happy ending' which means matrimony in these cases.

Ex: The interview went smoothly; the committee was impressed by her knowledge of the current library scene, her enthusiasm, and her engaging personality.

Ex: Some unfortunate children grow up as readers of James Bond, of dashing thrillers and the blood-and-guts of crude war stories.

Ex: Mr Berman, who is a very personable and enthusiastic librarian, certainly comes across.

Ex: It is when speakers have no feeling for pause that their speech seems to burble on without any arresting quality; the club bore is a burbler: he has not learnt the eloquence of silence.

Ex: It is the duty of the library staff to make the institution magnetic.

Ex: The article 'Library scavenger hunts: a way out of the bewilderness' describes the use of library scavenger hunts to teach high school and college students research strategies and to make library use both enticing and enriching.

Ex: Our library and some others have prevailed upon a local vendor to prepare good looking, durable packaging for cassettes which makes them perfectly accommodative to the ordinary bookshelves.

Ex: Basically it is more tangible and exciting for retailers to develop new products, decorate stores, design Web sites, and create winning advertisements than it is for them to struggle to set prices that will mean profits.

Ex: The author offers some suggestions, somewhat 'tongue in cheek', to make the game more appealing for spectators.

Ex: Frequently the youngest child takes on the role of the mascot; he acts cute, mischievous, and endearing.

Ex: The convention failed to reach an agreement on any of the more fancied candidates.

Ex: He had a sizzling, electric stage presence.

Ex: Ponytails are becoming glam, says the New York Times.

Ex: He went in the tavern wearing an eye patch, crying 'ahoy, matey!' and eying the comely wenches.

* de un modo atractivo = appealingly.

* hacer atractivo = endear.

* parecer atractivo = look + attractive.

* poco atractivo = off-putting, unattractive, unglamorous, uninviting, unappealing.

* resultar atractivo = prove + attractive.

* ser atractivo = look + attractive, be popular in appeal.

* sin atractivo = unattractive.

* * *

atractivo¹ -va

adjective

attractive

atractivo²

masculine

tiene mucho atractivo she's very charming

es feo, ignorante, totalmente sin atractivos he's ugly, ignorant, he doesn't have a single redeeming feature o there isn't a single good thing about him

el mayor atractivo de la ciudad the city's main attraction o appeal

la oferta no tiene ningún atractivo para mí the offer doesn't attract me o appeal to me in the least, I don't find the offer at all attractive

* * *

atractivo 1
◊ -va adjetivo

attractive
atractivo 2 sustantivo masculino
a) ( encanto) charm, attractiveness;

◊ tiene mucho atractivo she's very charming;

el mayor atractivo de la ciudad the city's main attraction o appeal
b) ( interés) appeal;

◊ para mí viajar no tiene ningún atractivo travel holds no appeal to me

atractivo,-a
I adjetivo attractive, appealing
II sustantivo masculino attraction, appeal
' atractivo' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
aliciente
- atractiva
- duende
- encanto
- escultural
- flamante
- graciosa
- gracioso
- irresistible
- magnetismo
- mayor
- sexy
- simpatía
- sugestiva
- sugestivo
- tenerse
- arrastre
- bien
- bueno
- desmejorado
- embrujo
- hechizo
English:
appeal
- appealing
- attraction
- attractive
- comely
- desirable
- dishy
- engaging
- enticing
- flair
- glamorous
- homely
- inviting
- lure
- plain
- prepossessing
- selling point
- sex-appeal
- sexiness
- unappealing
- unattractive
- unattractiveness
- endearing
- fetching
- uninviting
- unprepossessing

* * *

atractivo, -a

♦ adj

attractive

♦ nm
[de persona] attractiveness, charm; [de cosa] attraction;
tener atractivo to be attractive;

su rostro tiene un atractivo especial her face has a special charm;

tu plan tiene muchos atractivos your plan has a lot of points in its favour;

tiene el atractivo añadido de ser gratis it has the added attraction o advantage of being free

Comp
atractivo sexual sex appeal
* * *

atractivo

I adj attractive

II m appeal, attraction

* * *

atractivo, -va adj

: attractive

atractivo nm

: attraction, appeal, charm

* * *

atractivo¹ adj attractive

es muy atractivo he's very attractive

atractivo² n

1. (cosa que atrae) attraction

el atractivo principal the main attraction

2. (interés) appeal

este pueblo es de gran atractivo turístico this village has great appeal for tourists

Spanish-English dictionary > atractivo
18 bay
блок-секция
Объёмно-пространственный элемент здания, независимый в функциональном отношении, который может использоваться как в сочетании с другими элементами здания, так и самостоятельно
[СНиП I-2]
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]

Тематики
- здания, сооружения, помещения
- элементы зданий и сооружений
EN
- bay
DE
- Sektionsbauelement
FR
- travée
отсек
Изолированная (иногда экранированная) часть помещения, предназначенная для зашиты оборудования и обслуживающего персонала от внешних воздействий.
[Л.М. Невдяев. Телекоммуникационные технологии. Англо-русский толковый словарь-справочник. Под редакцией Ю.М. Горностаева. Москва, 2002]

Тематики
- электросвязь, основные понятия
EN
- bay
отсек
Часть системного блока, предназначенная для установки дисковых накопителе.
[ http://www.morepc.ru/dict/]

Тематики
- информационные технологии в целом
EN
- bay
отсек
Часть объёма здания или сооружения, заключённая между изолирующими поперечными стенами или деформационными швами
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]

Тематики
- здания, сооружения, помещения
EN
- bay
- compartment
DE
- Bauwerksabschnitt
FR
- compartiment
- travée
панель фермы
Часть плоской фермы, ограниченная смежными верхними и нижними узлами
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]

Тематики
- строительные изделия прочие
EN
DE
- Fachwerkfeld
- Trägerfeld
FR
- panneau de ferme
- panneau de treillis
погрузо-разгрузочная площадка
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики
- энергетика в целом
EN
- bay
присоединение (в электроэнергетике)
Совокупность коммутационных аппаратов, обеспечивающих соединение линии электропередачи, трансформатора или другого оборудования со сборными шинами.
Примечание. Коммутационные аппараты, принадлежащие одному присоединению, характеризуются общностью управления в нормальных, аварийных и ремонтных режимах, включая управление, защиту и оперативные блокировки. Уровень присоединения в системе автоматизации подстанции представляет собой уровень управления, находящийся ниже общего станционного уровня.
[ ГОСТ Р 54325-2011 (IEC/TS 61850-2:2003)]

присоединение
Электрическая цепь (оборудование и шины) одного назначения, наименования и напряжения, присоединенная к шинам РУ, генератора, щита, сборки и находящаяся в пределах электростанции, подстанции и т.п. Электрические цепи разного напряжения одного силового трансформатора (независимо от числа обмоток), одного двухскоростного электродвигателя считаются одним присоединением. В схемах многоугольников, полуторных и т.п. схемах к присоединению линии, трансформатора относятся все коммутационные аппараты и шины, посредством которых эта линия или трансформатор присоединены к РУ
[ПОТ Р М-016-2001 РД 153-34.0-03.150-00]

EN

bay
a substation consists of closely connected sub parts with some common functionality. Examples are the switchgear between an incoming or outgoing line, and the busbar, the bus coupler with its circuit breaker and related isolators and earthing switches, the transformer with its related switchgear between the two busbars representing the two voltage levels. The bay concept may be applied to 1½ breaker and ring bus substation arrangements by grouping the primary circuit breakers and associated equipment into a virtual bay. These bays comprise a power system subset to be protected, for example a transformer or a line end, and the control of its switchgear that has some common restrictions such as mutual interlocking or well-defined operation sequences. The identification of such subparts is important for maintenance purposes (what parts may be switched off at the same time with minimum impact on the rest of the substation) or for extension plans (what has to be added if a new line is to be linked in). These subparts are called ‘bays’ and may be managed by devices with the generic name ’bay controller’ and have protection systems called ‘bay protection’.

The concept of a bay is not commonly used in North America. The bay level represents an additional control level below the overall station level
[IEC 61850-2, ed. 1.0 (2003-08)]

Тематики
- релейная защита
EN
- bay
провал (на кривой)
впадина (на кривой)
—
[Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]

Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
Синонимы
- впадина (на кривой)
EN
- bay
секция
Часть здания или сооружения, условно ограниченная в плане и представляющая собой единое целое в объёмно-планировочном, техническом и конструктивном отношении
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]

Тематики
- здания, сооружения, помещения
EN
- bay
- compartment
DE
- Sektion
FR
- compartiment
- travée
секция грузового отсека транспортного самолета
Участок грузового отсека транспортного самолета, выделяемый для размещения авиационной грузовой единицы.
[ ГОСТ Р 53428-2009]

Тематики
- авиационные грузовые перевозки
EN
- bay
узел (в дереве схемы)
—
[Л.Г.Суменко. Англо-русский словарь по информационным технологиям. М.: ГП ЦНИИС, 2003.]

Тематики
- информационные технологии в целом
EN
- bay
штатив
стойка
панель
рама
—
[Л.Г.Суменко. Англо-русский словарь по информационным технологиям. М.: ГП ЦНИИС, 2003.]

Тематики
- информационные технологии в целом
Синонимы
EN
- bay
ячейка распределительного устройства
Часть распределительного устройства, содержащая всю или часть коммутационной и/или иной аппаратуры одного присоединения.
[ ГОСТ 24291-90]

Рис. ABB
Однолинейная схема ячейки распределительного устройства с двумя системами сборных шин
( Single line of a double busbar bay)

1. Disconnector and earthing switch

1. Разъединитель-заземлитель

2. Circuit breaker

2. Выключатель

3. Current transformer

3. Трансформатор тока

4. Disconnector and earthing switch

4. Разъединитель-заземлитель

5. Voltage transformer

5. Трансформатор напряжения

6. Make-proof earthing switch

6. Быстродействующий заземлитель

7. Cable end unit

7. Кабельный модуль

Рис. ABB
Ячейка распределительного устройства с элегазовой изоляцией с двумя системами сборных шин

Тематики
- комплектное распред. устройство (КРУ)
EN
- bay
- switchgear bay
3.3 аппарат (bay): Один или несколько трубных пучков, обслуживаемых одним или более вентиляторами, включая конструкции, воздухораспределительную камеру и другое сопутствующее оборудование.

Примечание - На рисунке 1 показано типовое расположение аппаратов.

1 - трубный пучок

Рисунок 1 - Типовое расположение аппаратов

Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО 13706-2006: Аппараты с воздушным охлаждением. Общие технические требования оригинал документа
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > bay
19 atractivo2

² = attractive, glamorous, glossy [glossier -comp., glossiest -sup.], inviting, appetising [appetizing, -USA], handsome [handsomer -comp., handsomest -sup.], engaging, dashing, personable, arresting, magnetic, enticing, good looking, winning, appealing, endearing, fancied, sizzling, glam, comely [comelier -comp., comeliest -sup.].

Ex. A particularly attractive feature of the notation is the expressiveness of the notation.

Ex. Service is perhaps not a very glamorous concept, but we are nevertheless a service profession = El servicio quizás no es un concepto muy atractivo, pero no obstante somos una profesión dedicada al servicio.

Ex. On the other hand, credibility relates less to glossy brochure futuristics than to tested areas of application.

Ex. An easy and inviting route to the entrance needs to be unambiguously defined.

Ex. This is not a very appetizing thought for anyone who wishes to play a key role in the operations of the library.

Ex. All these novels are about young women meeting handsome men, at first disliking them and then discovering that they love them, with the inescapable 'happy ending' which means matrimony in these cases.

Ex. The interview went smoothly; the committee was impressed by her knowledge of the current library scene, her enthusiasm, and her engaging personality.

Ex. Some unfortunate children grow up as readers of James Bond, of dashing thrillers and the blood-and-guts of crude war stories.

Ex. Mr Berman, who is a very personable and enthusiastic librarian, certainly comes across.

Ex. It is when speakers have no feeling for pause that their speech seems to burble on without any arresting quality; the club bore is a burbler: he has not learnt the eloquence of silence.

Ex. It is the duty of the library staff to make the institution magnetic.

Ex. The article 'Library scavenger hunts: a way out of the bewilderness' describes the use of library scavenger hunts to teach high school and college students research strategies and to make library use both enticing and enriching.

Ex. Our library and some others have prevailed upon a local vendor to prepare good looking, durable packaging for cassettes which makes them perfectly accommodative to the ordinary bookshelves.

Ex. Basically it is more tangible and exciting for retailers to develop new products, decorate stores, design Web sites, and create winning advertisements than it is for them to struggle to set prices that will mean profits.

Ex. The author offers some suggestions, somewhat 'tongue in cheek', to make the game more appealing for spectators.

Ex. Frequently the youngest child takes on the role of the mascot; he acts cute, mischievous, and endearing.

Ex. The convention failed to reach an agreement on any of the more fancied candidates.

Ex. He had a sizzling, electric stage presence.

Ex. Ponytails are becoming glam, says the New York Times.

Ex. He went in the tavern wearing an eye patch, crying 'ahoy, matey!' and eying the comely wenches.

----

* de un modo atractivo = appealingly.

* hacer atractivo = endear.

* parecer atractivo = look + attractive.

* poco atractivo = off-putting, unattractive, unglamorous, uninviting, unappealing.

* resultar atractivo = prove + attractive.

* ser atractivo = look + attractive, be popular in appeal.

* sin atractivo = unattractive.

Spanish-English dictionary > atractivo2
20 Attachment

A data type that will provide support for storing binary files within an Access database. More similar to the SharePoint concept of attachments than the current OLE object fields in Access. The data will be stored as a raw blob within the database.

مُرفق

English-Arabic terms dictionary > Attachment

Страницы

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